bet365 offers are a unique cultural heritage carved on rocks，bet365 offers are mainly the work of hunter-gatherers and herders，Because there are only hunters and herders，Especially when shepherds are grazing or in their winter dens, they have the opportunity and time to stay with the rocks for a long time。Whether it is the shepherds of the Bronze Age or the nomads before the 6th century AD，No text of their own，And believe in shamanism，Therefore，Concrete pictures still express the beliefs of these people who use grassland resources、Record history、The main means to show artistic beauty and interests。Even after the 6th century AD，The steppe nomads began to use writing and believe in a world religion with scriptures，Because shamanistic beliefs still exist，Therefore，Although the petroglyphs have decreased，But sporadic occurrences still exist。In a nutshell，The vast majority of petroglyphs belong to the prehistoric period of the Stone Age and Metal Age，Mainly a product of human society outside the centers of ancient farming civilization，To live in the grassland、Forest、Mainly works by mountain shepherds。These bet365 offers are the silent spiritual songs of shepherds who believe in animism，It is a historical narrative that records important moments in the shepherd society，It is an art game for the lonely shepherd to entertain himself while grazing，Is an effective way for shepherds to release their inner aesthetic and spiritual power。

　　Rare bet365 offers heritage:Bogda Longji Mountain bet365 offers in Fukang City

In ancient China, the mountainous areas were dominated by animal husbandry，For example, Inner Mongolia、Ningxia、Xinjiang and Tibet, etc.，Most of them have bet365 offers distributed。Xinjiang is a region with many bet365 offers，The landform of Xinjiang is summarized as “three mountains sandwiched between two basins”，Altai Mountain、There are bet365 offers in both Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains，Known so far，The largest number of Altai mountains，Tianshan Mountain comes second，Kunlun Mountain is less。

In the colorful bet365 offers of Tianshan Mountain，The bet365 offers on Longji Mountain under the northern slope of Bogda Peak have some rare characteristics，Become the pearl among many bet365 offers。This rock painting is located in Longji Mountain in the upper reaches of the Sigong River Valley deep in the Tianshan Mountains, Fukang City, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture，About 3569 meters above sea level，The famous Tianchi Tianchi is located in the Sangong River separated by a mountain to the west。This is an alpine mountainous area，Less surface vegetation，Lichen distributed、Snow Lotus、Wild Poppy、Delphinium、Golden Lotus、Jin Jiao、Thyme、More than a dozen low-growing cold-resistant plants including plum blossom grass。The Longji Mountain where the bet365 offers are located is a protruding east-west stone vein at the bottom of the north-south valley，The east side intersects perpendicularly with the mountains on the east bank of the Sigong River Valley，Shaped like a dragon’s back。The Sigong River gathers at the snow peaks and flows down after the snow melts，Passing two mesas，On the edge of the second platform, the flow is blocked by the Longji Mountain and drains westward，Cut down into the next platform at the weak point of the rock mass，Form a narrow river valley。Longji Mountain rock volume、The area is relatively large，The rock itself is yellowish brown、Dark brown、Taupe and dark brown，Due to long-term exposure to the sun，Black or dark brown tan rock is formed on the surface。

According to the production method，There are two main types of ancient bet365 offers: one is using minerals on rock bodies、Plant and other pigment painting；One type is to use stone or metal tools to carve on the rock mass。Longji Mountain bet365 offers belong to the latter，Chiseled bet365 offers are created after the painter finds a suitable rock to display them，Also looking for a rock that is tough and harder than dry rock，This stone may be naturally suitable for holding in the hand，And there is a sharp protrusion，In this way, the artist can use it directly。If you can’t find the right one，The painter still needs to go through certain modifications，Create a suitable stone tool。Through careful chiseling，Use many impact points，The dark sun-drenched rock face chiseled away from the rock surface，Light-colored rock mass under the exposed rock surface，Through the contrast of dark and light colors，Form image。The images are mostly silhouettes of people and animals，Rough around the edges，Mostly unpolished。There are a small part of the edges that are more regular，Smooth surface，It may also be carved with harder stone or metal tools。

　2005，Bogda Peak Longji Mountain petroglyphs were discovered for the first time，The bet365 offers are located in a cold place，Hard environment，There are some bet365 offers due to long-term sun exposure、Wind erosion、Erosion and blurring of wipers and snow and ice，In some places, there are defects caused by rock mass collapse。Also，The carvings of modern herdsmen have also damaged some ancient bet365 offers。After it became a municipal cultural relic protection unit in 2012，Conducted fence protection and preliminary identification，The bet365 offers have been effectively protected，Plus located in an inaccessible high-altitude area，Most of the patterns on the bet365 offers today maintain their clear appearance。

　July 29 to August 6, 2022，The Bogda Peak Rock Painting Archaeological Investigation Team is organized by the Fukang Municipal Culture, Sports, Radio, Television and Tourism Bureau，The Xinjiang team of the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences organized an expert team，Specially invite Chi Wenjie, former deputy director of the Xinjiang International Expo Affairs Bureau, as an expert consultant，Comprehensive inspection of the bet365 offers on the upper reaches of the Sigong River at Bogda Peak。As of now，About 150 groups of large and small bet365 offers found in this area。The 143 groups of Longji Mountain bet365 offers are relatively large，Very rich content，The patterns are mainly animals，Including cattle、Argali sheep、Ibex、Horse、Deer、Snow Leopard、Wolf、Wild boars and camels, etc.，Scenes with single animals and people，There is also grazing、Hunting、Driving、Battle pictures and other large scenes with multiple people and objects。

　bet365 offers unique examples:Longji Mountain bet365 offers and Seymaritash bet365 offers

The animal images in early bet365 offers are very distinctive，The body part is composed of two triangles facing each other，Some tails are turned up，Some tails droop，The end of the tail is shaped like a triangle or ball。The antlers are divided into two branches，Grow upward，The antler branches grow outwards from the antler trunk。Some horns are curved upward，Corner tips facing each other，Roughly a circle。It is very meaningful，A large number of petroglyphs of this style have been found in Seymaritash, a famous rock art site group in Kyrgyzstan，The main early rock painting style at this site is to use two opposite triangles to represent animal bodies。This rock painting group is located in a semi-enclosed valley at an altitude of 3000-3500 meters，The valley is 5-6 kilometers long from north to south，700-800 meters wide from east to west。The south side of the valley is a ridge connecting two peaks，This ridge is actually part of the Fergana watershed，South of the ridge is another river that eventually flows into the Syr Darya。This valley can only be reached in August a year，Most of the snow has melted this month。Even in summer，The wind is also very strong，Sometimes it rains heavily for several days。When the weather is nice，The view is very good。There are seven lakes in total in this area，There is a large moraine lake in the middle of the valley，The bet365 offers are mainly around this lake，There are also four smaller lakes located in the south and southwest of the big lake，The other two are on top of the western ridge，There is one on the ridge。In another valley on the southeast side of the valley where the main petroglyph group is located，There is also a petroglyph site。At the eastern foot of this mountainous area，Connected to these valleys is a large intermountain valley，Lower altitude，Should be an important pasture for ancient shepherds。And in the west of this mountain range，It is the famous Fergana Basin。This rock art group is located on the watershed，It happens to be on the nearest traffic road that crosses the watershed to connect the two regions。

Seymaritash petroglyphs rarely overlap with each other。It can be seen that the cattle herders completed these bet365 offers。Animal images include wild goats、Argali sheep、Cow、Deer、Horse、Camel、dog、Wolf，Ibex and argali are the most common。A camel is a Bactrian camel，But the carving is rough，There are hunting scenes、Religious dance scene、Driving scene。Most cars have two solid wheels，The animals that pull the cart are cows、Wild goats and horses, etc.，Scholars believe that it represents some kind of special ritual。Usually there is a person with flowing hair behind the car，There is a tail behind the buttocks。There are also many sexual intercourse scenes，Some depict snakes and wild goats among the figures having sex，Thought it may be a fertility worship ritual。There are many bet365 offers of sun worship，For example, people with sun heads，Bison or wild goat symbolizing the sun，Or a circle，A little bit in the middle。bet365 offers can be divided into four groups，The earliest bet365 offers are in geometric style，The bodies of animals and humans are in the shape of two triangles or squares，In addition, there are many themes about pulling cars，The era begins in the third millennium BC，Belongs to the Chalcolithic Age to the Bronze Age。The composition of the second group of geometric shapes is weakened，Mainly the image of a person、Symbol of the sun、Worship Ceremony、Single animal image。These two groups are the most important bet365 offers in Seymaritash，The times are about the same。The third group is from the first millennium BC，No geometric composition，Mostly horses、Deer, etc.，Animals appear to be standing on their toes or running，There are many hunting scenes。The fourth group is the first millennium AD，Features the so-called linear style，The most common ones are wild goats，Rather rough，No features。

The first group of animal body compositions in Seymaritash are two opposite triangles, which are very rare in other areas，So far, only the bet365 offers on Longji Mountain under Bogda Peak are similar。Various patterns are added to the bodies of animals in Bogda Peak petroglyphs，Improved artistry。The second group of bet365 offers has been found in many areas。For example, some themes of the Tamgaly bet365 offers in the Chuli Mountains in southeastern Kazakhstan are close to the second group of Seymaritash bet365 offers，Especially the image of the sun-headed man。There are also petroglyphs similar to figures with sun heads found in the Kokesu River in the Alatau Mountains in the western Junggar Basin，Perhaps as late as the late second millennium BC。Generally speaking，Petrog Paintings and Shepherd’s Camp、The tombs are always located in the same area，Not too far apart，From some research results，Not more than 1 km。Petrog paintings are more common around herdsmen’s winter camps，Petrog paintings in high mountain areas are less common。The distribution positions of Seymaritash and Bogda Peak glacier petroglyphs are obviously inconsistent with these two common characteristics。The altitude of the two places where petroglyphs were carved、Direction、The environment is almost the same，For example, they are all close to the highest snow peak in the area，In a semi-enclosed valley，Snow peaks are usually in the south of the bet365 offers，There are moraine lakes nearby。bet365 offers have animal witchcraft、All things are animistic、Feng Shui Divination、Features such as territory identification and improvement of creator status。There may be a special reason why these bet365 offers appear in the snowy peaks far away from the camp，Maybe it was carved to worship the snow peak or worship the sky，Or part of it is just a creation when crossing the mountains。This discovery is important for understanding the pastoral life of the people in this area during the Bronze Age、Migration Route、Communication and worship of sacred mountains are of great value。

　　Bridge of Civilization: Crowd interaction along Tianshan bet365 offers

The people who created the Seymaritash bet365 offers Painting Group in the early days should have been mountain herders who mainly herded cattle。These people should live in the eastern mountains of the Fergana Basin，Where did they come from earlier？Some people think these people are related to Iran Hissar、Related to the early culture of Sialk。The compositional characteristics of triangular animal bodies have been found in the early remains of Susa at the junction of Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau，Indicates that these people have some kind of cultural relationship with Mesopotamia and West Asia, one of the centers of civilization in the world。This provides a possibility to study the weak and indirect interaction between the Eastern and Western civilization centers in the Early Bronze Age。This is one aspect of the problem。Another aspect is，These people at that time and the Namazga culture in western Central Asia、The Bactrian-Margiana cultures are geographically very close。Therefore，Namazga Culture、The advanced cultural factors of Bactria-Margiana culture may be one of the important sources of bronze culture in Xinjiang and even Gansu and Qinghai regions。

Third millennium BC to early second millennium BC (ca. 2800—1700 BCE），In Central Asia、There are several important Bronze Age cultures in West and South Asia。The cultures closest to the Seymaritash Petroglyph Group geographically are the Namazga Culture and the Bactrian-Margiana Archaeological Culture (English abbreviation MBAC，i.e. Margiana- Bactria Archaeological Complex，Sometimes called "Amu Darya Civilization")。The Bactrian-Margiana culture is a highly developed urban farming civilization，Era from approximately 2000 BC to 750 BC。The economy of the Bactrian-Margiana culture except agriculture，Supplemented by hunting and fishing，Except barley and wheat，Plum trees are also planted、Almond trees and grapes，Raising cattle、Pig、Camels and donkeys，Donkeys are used to pull carts。This civilization has a complex layout of castles，Has developed bronze smelting technology，Sun-dried adobe、Scepter head、Dagger、Bronze Pipe Axe、Copper seals are typical cultural features。While studying early Xinjiang culture，Scholars pay more attention to the cultural influence from the western Eurasian steppe and southern Siberia，And for southwest Central Asia、There are few in-depth studies on the influence of Western Asian culture。Xinjiang as a communication intermediary region，There are few reliable examples from Central Asia during this period，And these cultural factors are usually mixed in the West、Among the Eurasian steppe cultures from the north。Therefore，The cultural influence from Central Asia has not yet been fully revealed，The discovery of Bogda Peak bet365 offers provides a simple and clear clue for us to understand the people and culture coming from the southwest outside Xinjiang。

The Tianshan Mountains start in the west from the northern end bet365 offers Pamir Plateau, known as the roof bet365 offers world，East to Hami at the eastern end of Xinjiang、Iwu。Stretching 2,500 kilometers from east to west，North-south extension 250-400 kilometers，Across China、Kazakhstan、Four countries Uzbekistan and Tajikistan，Mostly across central Xinjiang，is the largest latitudinal mountain system in the world，Split the world's driest region in two，Form a land bridge connecting different geographical and cultural regions in East and West Asia。The valleys on the north and south sides bet365 offers Tianshan Mountains are dotted with many rivers formed by melted icebergs and snowwater，These rivers nourish the Gobi Desert on both sides bet365 offers Tianshan foothills、Oases of varying sizes formed in the desert，These oases have become land suitable for human survival in this mountain range and its surrounding areas。

Between these east-west mountains，The intermittent mountain valleys and basins are ideal homes for human survival。The northern slope of the mountain range between 1,300 and 2,700 meters above sea level is the distribution zone of snow ridge spruce，More than 2,000 kilometers across the Tianshan Mountains。Above this green forest belt is summer pasture，The following are low mountain pastures (high-quality pastures)、Desert pasture (vast winter pasture)。This green vegetation belt in the central area of ​​Eurasia changes from animal husbandry to nomadic economic form，has always been an important resource library and ideal residence for shepherds。It is precisely because of the existence of such an uninterrupted green pastoral belt，The Tianshan Mountains have naturally become the most important and important channel for human activities in the east-west direction of Eurasia。Some scholars speculate，Some shepherds living in the valleys of the western section of Tianshan Mountain，Most likely eastward along the mountain valley、Migrate northeastward。Discover unique things from Seymaritash and Bogda Dragon Ridge Mountains、Similar bet365 offers art analysis，In the third millennium BC to the early second millennium BC，Cattle herders living in the mountains near the Fergana Basin，Already received by West Asia、The influence of urban civilizations such as the Amu Darya Civilization in Central Asia，Some of them migrated eastward along the Tianshan Mountains，Arrived in the area from present-day Urumqi to Fukang。These people may bring West Asia、Advanced civilization factors from Central Asia and its surrounding areas are introduced to Xinjiang。This bridge of civilization that spreads culture along the Tianshan Corridor was also the center of the Central Plains during the same period、One of the routes from Gansu and Qing Dynasty painted pottery to Central Asia。

　　Meet bet365 offers top:Bogda Peak as the hub bet365 offers East Tianshan Mountains

There are two peaks in the Tianshan Mountains，Tomur Peak, the main peak bet365 offers entire Tianshan Mountains, is located in the West Tianshan Mountains，elevation 7443 meters。The main peak bet365 offers East Tianshan Mountains is Bogda Peak，elevation 5445 meters。It has 4 main ridges: Northeast Ridge、Southwest Ridge、North Ridge、Southeast Ridge。Snowy peaks reaching into the sky，Covered with snow and ice all year round，Silver Helmet and Jade Armor，Majestic。Bogda Peak is not a dead end，It is an important hub with the commanding heights bet365 offers East Tianshan Mountains as its core，By riding and walking，Bogda Peak can be surrounded，The valleys radiating out from the center bet365 offers snow peak connect the foothills，There are several river valleys to the north that can smoothly reach the current Urumqi、Fukang，To the east you can reach Jimusar County，To the south you can reach Turpan，There are several valleys in the southwest that lead to Chaiwopu and Dabancheng on the west side of Bogda Peak，And contact Xitianshan。The crowds from the Eastern Tianshan Mountains passed through these valleys and reached the top of Bogda，Easier to meet at the top，Perhaps the short-lived camp under Bogda Peak became a hotspot for information exchange among ancient shepherds。

Based on the archaeological surveys and excavations so far，Every river emanating from Bogda Peak has been nourishing people throughout the ages，Especially the ancient shepherds，These people should have been living in Bogda Mountain and its surrounding areas，They drive their cattle and sheep to migrate with the seasons between the valley and the desert grassland downstream。The hottest time in summer，Grassing cattle can climb to the high altitude area where Longji Mountain is located to enjoy the high-nutrient meadows at the highest point of the mountain，The shepherd who is skilled in painting uses a short time to carve the world in his heart on the dark rock face，Or hold a mountain worship ceremony here。After these shepherds died, they were buried on the dry and thick platform at the foot of the mountain，Left in the valley and under Bogda Peak，It is their life’s laughter。From Jimsar County、Remains of the lives and burials of these people have been found in the piedmont of Bogda Mountain from Fukang City to Urumqi and Dabancheng。Baiyang River Basin in Fukang City、Sigong River、The tombs of different periods discovered in Sangong River and other places are proof。Some bet365 offers discovered at the Gaoyazi Ranch in Urumqi at the southern foot of the eastern end of Bogda Mountain are very similar to the Bogda Peak bet365 offers，For example, the argali and deer in the sewer bet365 offers，Small head，Stiff body，The deer’s body still maintains a slight triangular shape，The horns of deer and argali are basically similar to those of Bogda Longji Mountain and Seymaritash。This image of a triangular composition is also reflected in some other archaeological materials found in Xinjiang。For example, there are two figures on a two-eared painted pottery jar unearthed from Tomb No. 214 of Tianshan North Road Cemetery in Hami，The composition of one of the body parts is also two triangles facing each other，It’s worth noting，There are pendants on the back of the clothes that are similar to the clothes of the characters in the Seymaritash bet365 offers。This triangular composition is also reflected in the later large-scale bet365 offers at Hutubi in Changji，The characters here are represented by two opposite triangles。Similar figures were also found in Seymaritash，Even raising the right hand、The dance gestures on the left hem are all the same。The difference is，This man in Sai Maritash is wearing clothes，There is a tail-like decoration on the tail，There are no antennae on the head。In the Hutubi bet365 offers，We also found an image of a cow that still retains the characteristics of two triangular bodies。This shows that the influence from Central Asia not only exists in the areas around Urumqi，And spread eastward to Hami area。

As an example of population migration and cultural spread，The bet365 offers in Bogda Longji Mountain are not an isolated case。2018，A special stone grinder was discovered in Bortala Prefecture, Xinjiang，Some scholars call it Shi Quan，However, no complete set of cultural relics in series was found，Therefore，Probably a very advanced grinder or ceremonial instrument。This kind of grinder in Xinjiang may be directly influenced by the Fergana Basin，A double snake shape was unearthed in the Fergana Basin，Collected in the National Museum of Uzbekistan，A relatively simple one has also been unearthed，Collected in the Showroom of Babur International Foundation in Andijan。To trace the source，comes from an ancient civilization called Arata in Jiroft, Kerman Province, southeastern Iran，The era is the end of the third millennium BC and the beginning of the second millennium BC，A large number of such beautifully carved stone tools have been unearthed from this cultural center。This kind of grinder was also introduced into the Namazga IV-V culture of Turkmenistan，For example, such stone tools were found at the Altyn site。Explanation of these findings，Artifacts representing the culture of south-central Iran have spread to the Western Tianshan region including the Fergana Basin and the Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture。Research findings in recent years by Fu Qiaomei’s team at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences，Genetic analysis of human bones from Chemulchek culture tombs discovered in the Altay region，Contains apparently similar genetic components from the Central Asian Bactrian-Margiana Culture (MBAC) population。These evidences and the discovery of Longji Mountain bet365 offers indicate that early influence from Central Asia does exist，The people and culture of the Amu Darya Civilization，Spread along the Tianshan Mountains to the eastern Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains。

In short，Based on the results of our latest investigation，The bet365 offers in Longji Mountain mainly have the following characteristics。

First，The Longji Mountain bet365 offers are among the group of bet365 offers that have been discovered in Xinjiang，Highest altitude、The most special location、The most unique rock painting group。

Second，The early bet365 offers in Longji Mountain are from an earlier time，Unique style。Judgment based on the results of relevant research，The early rock art era may be concentrated in the third millennium BC to the early second millennium BC。

Third，The Longji Mountain bet365 offers have a large age span，Roughly from the third millennium BC to the end of the 13th century，There are even patterns and characters carved by modern people (mainly local Kazakh herdsmen)。

　Fourth，The sequence of Longji Mountain bet365 offers is relatively complete。Especially from the third millennium BC，Through Xia, Shang and Zhou、Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period to Qin and Han Dynasties，There are petroglyphs at every stage。The number of petroglyphs from historical periods is small，But each big stage also has petroglyphs。

　Fifth，The bet365 offers on Longji Mountain may have something to do with the worship of the sacred mountain by the ancients。The rock mass with carved petroglyphs faces south，Just facing Bogda Peak，About 5 kilometers from the main peak of Bogda，Is the best place to view and worship the snow peak，This environment is very consistent with the aesthetic needs of the ancients for setting up sacrificial places。The sacred mountain worship of Bogda Peak has become a tradition，Continued until the Qing Dynasty。The "Bokda Sacrifice Stele" and other related information found in the Dongyue Temple ruins in the Tianchi Scenic Area，Indicates that this tradition has become part of the national mountain and river worship system。

　Sixth，Longji Mountain bet365 offers are rich in content，Scenes with single animals and people，There is also grazing、Hunting、Driving、Large scenes with multiple people and objects including battles。The images of horses and horse-drawn chariots are very valuable，Here are the images of the largest number of horse-drawn chariots discovered in Xinjiang so far，Provides vivid information for studying the emergence of horse-drawn chariots in the Central Plains in the late Shang Dynasty。

This is one of the bet365 offers discovered in Xinjiang so far，Highest altitude、Unique landscape、Earlier times、Unique style、Large span of years、The sequence is relatively complete、A group of bet365 offers with rich content，The style of early bet365 offers is particularly rare。Bogda Peak bet365 offers are rare among the rock painting sites discovered so far in Xinjiang，has a very important history、Archaeology、Cultural and artistic value，It is a very precious cultural heritage，And Tianshan Mountain, which has been included in the World Natural Heritage，Especially Bogda Peak looking at each other，Complement each other，It can be said that the peak meeting of natural heritage and cultural heritage、Twin peaks combined。

(Author’s unit: Institute of Archeology, bet365 offers Social Sciences)