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Marx's prompt in the preface of "Political Economics Criticism"，He started studying political economics in Paris。"Manuscript of Economics in 1844" (hereinafter referred to as "Manuscript") is an important result of his period。Although some scholars extend the perspective of political economy's critical perspective to the work of the Rhine Period，But the concern of material interests during the "Rhine" period，It can only constitute prehistoric history of political economy。

　　Task of criticism of political economy

Critical criticism began in "Manuscript"。Some of its tasks are also proposed in it。and the most fundamental task is the laws and categories of "Begreifen) political economics。This task runs through the consistent criticism of political economy。

This task of criticism of political economics has its specific direction，That is, the bourgeois economics is in its own category、Don’t understand the law。First，It does not understand the premise of these categories，That is the private property itself。Private property is accepted as an established thing。Next，It does not understand the inevitable contact between private property and its derivative category，"It does not indicate how these rules are generated from the nature of private property"。Last，It cannot understand the category and category、Contact between laws and laws，Often "the doctrine of free -run the doctrine of the same industry association，Often "the doctrine of free -run the doctrine of the same industry association。This "three types" do not understand，It is rather to be the three dimensions of the same "not understanding"; its fundamental provisions are the non -historic recognition of the bourgeois production method。Therefore，Bet365 app download All economic categories，If salary、Real Estate、competition, etc.，has been accepted as a established economic facts。It is impossible for its inspection of the economic category to constitute the "criticism" of this premise。

Behind this non -critical investigation method is the position of empiricalism。On the one hand，When political economics regards the bourgeoisie of material production as its eternal form，The provisions of things are confused with the provisions of social relations。Some unique social and historical regulations that belong to capitalist production methods，It is accused of material elements that are considered to be socially produced。On the other hand，Political Economics Non -critical Examination Method，Failure to reveal the inevitable connection between the theoretical premise and various economics categories。The essential relationship and surface phenomenon of the bourgeois production method are often split，and often confused。Marx said: "If the expression of things and the essence of things are directly together，All science becomes superfluous。"" Regardless of classical political economics or vulgar economics，None of them can scientifically explain the surface phenomenon of society from the essential relationship。

　Experience performance of political economics

Faldic concentration of empiricalism of political economy shows three types，Smith type、Li Jia's graphics and vulgar economics; different types have different examples。

Smith -type empirical manifestation as，On the one hand，He studied the inherent connection of the social and economic category of the bourgeoisie; on the other hand,，He also connects the surface in the eyes of non -scientific observers.。These two are not interfered with each other。Whether the value of the product is determined by the amount of labor or the amount of labor amount，This empiricalism of Smith showed its defects。According to Smith’s opinion，In a civilized society，Bet365 lotto review Commodity exchange is based on the labor amount of the product。In a civilized society，The true value of the product is "measured by the amount of labor that they can buy or dominated"; labor income is no longer equal to labor output，Social wealth with salary、profit、Alliances of land renting for three forms for allocation。Therefore，Smith not only mistakenly rent the ground、Profit is regarded as the source of exchange value，and mistakenly regard the "dominant labor volume" as the final scale to measure the actual value。This，Investment as a "internal connection" input work determines the value，The exchange value of the same as the "surface connection" labor is mixed.。

Li Jia's graphical empirical manifestation as，He attempts to stand on the basis of labor value theory，"Directly prove that various economic categories are consistent with each other"。The internal connection of the bourgeois society is not the same as the external connection; from the internal contact clarification, the external phenomenon requires many categories as an intermediary。Because Li Jiatu adopted a "direct" method to reveal the connection between the internal connection and the external phenomenon，Finally, accept the surface phenomenon or intermediary that needs to be explained as the premise。If he sees the movement of "market price" as "natural price", he is regarded as a "commodity price" movement as a "product value" movement。Here，Li Jiatu directly understands the "natural price" as a "commodity price" determined by the value of the product;，It actually made it "production price"。，He bypassed the process of transforming the value of value in the same production field into market value; directly discussed the motion of the average market value of different production areas into production prices。He restores the price of the product as the value of the product、Market price reduction is market value、Market value is average of the Bet365 lotto review process of production price，Mix it completely。narrative from essence to economic phenomena，Due to the defects of Li Jiatu's methodology，Finally caused the confusion of essence and appearance。

Vulgar Economics Experience is manifested in，It exerted Smith's description of the appearance of capitalist society，and only stay on these descriptions。If you say，Li Jiatu tried to explain the expression form directly from the internal relationship，Vulgar Economics directly regards the form of economic expression as an internal relationship。Vulgar economists prefer capital — interest to express capital proliferation，Because this formula covers the reality of capital and profit，Then cover the internal relationship of capital and surplus value。Greeping of Capital，Finally attributed to the role of capital material form。"Vulgar economists do not go to reveal the internal connection of things，But arrogantly asserting that things are like this "; in the end，The social relationship that it needs to be explained is attributed to material entity。Where is the vulgar economics，Economic empirical errors have reached its peaks。

　　"Concept" thinking in political economicsEstablishment in critical

The reason why Marx is able to penetrate through the empiricism of political economics，It is because he adopted "Begriff" thinking。"Concept" thinking of criticism of political economy，It is Marx's acceptance from Hegel's philosophy，The results of transformation on the basis of materialist history。

In Hegel's philosophy，"Concept" has a unique connotation。First，"Concept" can be regarded as a subjective form of thinking。pragmatic，Hegel's opposition logic regards the concept simply as a subjective form of thinking; but subjectivity does constitute the inner link of the concept。The concept is thinking element、Thinking form，It is also confirmed in Hegel。But，"Concept" in Hegel is not just a form of subjective thinking。"When the idea is trying bet365 Play online games to cause a concept to things，This concept can not be strange to things、Regulations and relationships outside things "; the concept of objective thinking is also an expression of the essence of things。So，"Concept" contains the unity of subjectivity and objectivity。Last，The truth of things depends on whether the thing is in line with its own concept。Hegel pointed out: "The reason why bad and unreal things exist，It is just because its reality is in accordance with its concept in some way。"So，Hegel's "concept" contains at least three layers of connotation: first，Concept is the subjective form and elements of thinking; second，This concept contains the essence of things，So it is an objective thought; finally，Concept grasped the essentialness of things，Inner basis for the truth of the truth。

but but，Hegel's "Concept" regulations，is the background with absolute idealism。Absolute spirit provides a priority guarantee for the unity of internal subjectivity and objectivity of concepts。Marx after accepting Hegel's "concept" thinking，Gradually changed it to the theoretical category of materialism。Where in Marx，"DAS Ideele) is nothing more than a material that moves into the human brain and is transformed in the human brain"。Marx's transformation of Hegel's "concept"，It was completed by Fernbaha's "perceptual" philosophy。Ferbaha thinks，Sensitive things are first or essential;。In this regard,，Marx and Ferbaha are consistent。But different from Ferbaha's "intuitive"，Marx incorporates consciousness into the category of social consciousness。The decisive role of social consciousness can no longer be grasped in the sense of "reflection theory"。Personal consciousness itself is social consciousness，Social consciousness is the self -reflection of the society through many agencies。It is in this sense，People "created the corresponding principle according to their own Bet365 app download social relationship、Concept and Category "; only the theoretical category reflects" set in form "and" actual deposit regulations "。

On the base of materialism，Marx established "concept" thinking for political economics。In Marx's text，category、Concepts are sometimes confused and used。But "Concept" is special，It marks a category of grasping the essence of social relations。Based on "concept"，Only scientifically criticized the old economics category。When we see Marx's "concept"，You can understand its Hegel's origin。Marx pointed out，Capital is "the basic concept of modern economics，Just as the capital itself -its abstract reflection is its concept -the basis of the bourgeois society "。On the one hand，The concept is subjective thinking form，that is "abstract reflection"; on the other hand，Conceptual affairs must be a social relationship that possesses essential status。The concept is grasped in the way "pureness" and "internal sex"、Understand social relations。The so -called purity，It means that the concept rules exclude all accidental factors; the so -called internal character，The content of the concept constitutes the inner basis of things。Like Hegel，Marx also believes that when things reach their own concept，Take the most appropriate form，That is the form that is consistent with the internal regulations。

Marx uses the "concept" thinking in the above sense into the criticism of political economics: "When doing this general research，We always assume，Various realistic relationships are consistent with their concepts，or，The various practical relationships described in the description are just the general types of their own。"" Based on this，Marx Cave penetrated through the field of political economics based on empiricalism。such as "salary" and "mobile capital" and other categories，Either does not grasp social relationships in the most appropriate form，Either the inherent regulations of social bet365 Play online games relations are mixed with experience phenomena。Only use "concept" thinking to grasp the essential regulations of social relations，"Pass Concept" itself contains the inevitable intermediary link，The superficial phenomenon of the final society，Critical narrative of the field of political economy can be completed。

(this article is the "Philosophy Research on the Form of Productivity Social and Common Wealth" (21CZX012) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Marxist Academy of the Party School of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China)