[Core Tip] Marx pointed out，Capital is "the basic concept of modern economics，Just as capital itself - its abstract reflection is its concept - is the basis of bourgeois society"。On the one hand，Concepts are subjective forms of thinking，That is, "abstract reflection"；On the other hand，Concept must be a bet365 coupon code relationship that occupies an essential position。Concepts are grasped in terms of “purity” and “immanence”、Understanding bet365 coupon code relationships。The so-called purity，The definition of the concept of meaning excludes all accidental factors；So-called immanence，The content of the meaning concept constitutes the internal basis of things。

Marx reminded in the "Preface to the Critique bet365 coupon code"，He began studying political economy in Paris。The "1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts" (hereinafter referred to as the "Manuscripts") is an important achievement of his period。Although some scholars extend the critical perspective bet365 coupon code to the works of the "Rheinische Zeitung" period，But the concern for material interests during the Rheinische Zeitung period，Can only constitute the prehistory of criticism bet365 coupon code。

　　The task orientation of the criticism bet365 coupon code

The Critique bet365 coupon code Begins in the "Manuscripts"。Some of its tasks were also proposed in it。The most fundamental task is to "understand" (begreifen) the laws and categories bet365 coupon code。This task runs through the entire critique bet365 coupon code。

The task of the critique bet365 coupon code has its specific orientation，That is, bourgeois economics’ own category、Not understanding the rules。First，It does not understand the premises of these categories，Private property itself。Private property is accepted as a given。Secondly，It does not understand the necessary connection between private property and its derived categories，"It does not indicate how these laws arise from the nature of private property"。Last，It cannot understand the relationship between categories、The connection between laws and laws，The doctrine of "freedom to operate" is often compared with the doctrine of guilds，The doctrine of division of property is opposed to the doctrine of large landed property"。I don’t understand these “three types”，Rather, they are three dimensions of the same "not understanding"；The fundamental requirement lies in the ahistorical identification of the bourgeois mode of production。Therefore，All economic categories，such as salary、Real Estate、Competition, etc.，All are accepted as established economic facts。Its examination of economic categories cannot constitute a "criticism" of this premise。

Behind this uncritical way of investigation is an empiricist stance。On the one hand，When political economy regards the bourgeois mode of material production as its eternal form，The definition of things is confused with the definition of bet365 coupon code relations。Some unique bet365 coupon code and historical provisions belonging to the capitalist mode of production，is designated as the material factor of bet365 coupon code production。On the other hand，Uncritical way of examining political economy，Failed to reveal the inevitable relationship between theoretical premises and various economic categories。The essential relationship of the bourgeois mode of production and its superficial phenomena are not only often separated，And often confused。Marx said: "If the manifestation of a thing and the essence of a thing are directly one and the same，All science becomes redundant。”Whether it is classical political economics or vulgar economics，Failed to scientifically explain the superficial phenomena of society from the essential relationship。

　The empiricist expression bet365 coupon code

The fallacies of empiricism in bet365 coupon code are concentrated in three types，That is, Smith type、Ricardian type and vulgar economic type；Different types have different examples。

Smith-type empiricism is expressed as，On the one hand，He studied the internal relations of bourgeois bet365 coupon code and economic categories；On the other hand，He also puts forward the superficial connections seen by non-scientific observers "in parallel with the above-mentioned internal connections"。The two do not interfere with each other。On the issue of whether the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of input labor or the amount of dominated labor，Smith’s empiricism shows its flaws。According to Smith’s opinion，Previously civilized society，Commodity exchange is based on the amount of labor used to produce goods。In a civilized society，The real value of commodities is "measured by the amount of labor that each can purchase or control"；Labor income is no longer equal to labor output，bet365 coupon code wealth in wages、Profit、Ground rent is distributed in three forms。Therefore，Smith not only mistook land rent、Profit as the source of exchange value，And mistook "the amount of labor commanded" as the ultimate measure of actual value。This way，As the "internal connection", the amount of labor input determines the value，Confused with exchange value as "superficially related" labor。

Ricardian empiricism is expressed as，He attempts to stand on the basis bet365 coupon code labor theory of value，“Direct proof that various economic categories are consistent with each other”。The internal relations and external relations of bourgeois society are not directly the same；Elucidating external phenomena from internal connections requires many categories as mediators。Because Ricardo adopted a "direct" way to reveal the relationship between internal connections and external phenomena，Finally accept the superficial phenomenon or intermediary that needs to be explained as a premise。For example, he regards the movement of reducing "market price" to "natural price" as the movement of reducing "commodity price" to "commodity value"。Here，On the one hand, Ricardo directly understood "natural price" as the "commodity price" determined by the value bet365 coupon code commodity；On the other hand, the average profit is put into the "natural price" as a premise，Make it actually a “production price”。Furthermore，He bypasses the process of converting value into market value in the same production field；Directly discusses the movement of equalizing market values ​​in different areas of production into production prices。He restores commodity prices to commodity values、Market price restored to market value、The process of averaging market value into production price，Totally confused。A narrative from essential relationships to economic phenomena，Due to the flaws in Ricardian methodology，Ultimately leading to confusion between essence and appearance。

Vulgar economics empiricism is manifested in，It develops Smith’s description of the appearance of capitalist society，And just stop at these descriptions。What if，Ricardo tried to explain the form of expression directly from the internal relationship，Vulgar economics directly regards economic manifestations as internal relationships。Vulgar economists prefer to use capital-interest to express capital growth，Because this formula conceals the real relationship between capital and profit，This further obscures the inherent relationship between capital and surplus value。The growth of capital，Ultimately it comes down to the role of the material form of capital。“Vulgar economists do not reveal the internal connections of things，But arrogantly asserts that things are not like this from the perspective of phenomena"；Finally，It reduces the bet365 coupon code relations to be explained to material entities。In vulgar economics，The empiricist fallacy of economics has reached its peak。

　　“Conceptual” thinking in bet365 coupon codeEstablishment in bet365 coupon code

The reason why Marx was able to penetrate the empiricist fallacy bet365 coupon code，It’s because he adopts “conceptual” (Begriff) thinking。“Conceptual” Thinking in the Critique bet365 coupon code，Marx inherited Hegel’s philosophy，The results of transformation based on historical materialism。

In Hegel’s Philosophy，“bet365 coupon code” has unique connotation。First，“bet365 coupon code” can be seen as a subjective form of thinking。Admittedly，Hegel opposed intellectual logic’s view of concepts simply as subjective forms of thinking；But subjectivity does constitute an intrinsic part of the bet365 coupon code。Concepts are elements of thinking、Thought form，It is also confirmed in Hegel。However，“bet365 coupon code” in Hegel is not just a form of subjective thinking。“When the mind tries to form an idea of ​​something，This bet365 coupon code cannot be understood by those who are unfamiliar with things、Constituted by regulations and relationships outside things”；The bet365 coupon code as an objective thought is also an expression of the essence of things。So，“bet365 coupon code” includes the unity of subjectivity and objectivity。Last，The truth (Wahrheit) of a thing depends on whether the thing conforms to its own bet365 coupon code。Hegel pointed out: “The reason why bad and unreal things exist，Only because its reality still corresponds to its bet365 coupon code in some way。”So，Hegel’s “bet365 coupon code” contains at least three levels of connotation: first，Concepts are subjective forms and elements of thinking；Secondly，This bet365 coupon code inherently contains the essence of things，Thus objective thought；Last，bet365 coupon code grasps the essence of things，The internal basis that constitutes the truth of things。

However，Hegel’s “concept” regulations，It is based on absolute idealism。The absolute spirit provides a priori guarantee for the unity of subjectivity and objectivity within the concept。After Marx accepted Hegel’s “conceptual” thinking，Gradually transformed it into the theoretical category of materialism。In Marx，“Das Ideele is nothing more than material things that are transferred into the human brain and transformed there”。Marx’s transformation of Hegel’s “concept”，It is accomplished through Feuerbach’s “perceptual” philosophy。Feuerbach thinks，Perceptual things precede universals or essence；The existence of matter precedes thoughts and concepts。On this point，Marx and Feuerbach are consistent。But different from Feuerbach’s “intuition”，Marx included consciousness into the category of bet365 coupon code consciousness。The decisive role of bet365 coupon code existence on bet365 coupon code consciousness can no longer be grasped in the sense of "reflection theory"。Personal consciousness itself is bet365 coupon code consciousness，bet365 coupon code consciousness is the self-reflection of bet365 coupon code existence through many intermediaries。It is in this sense，People "create corresponding principles according to their own bet365 coupon code relationships、Concepts and Categories”；Theoretical categories only reflect "fixed form" and "existence determination"。

On the basis of materialism，Marx established “conceptual” thinking for the critique of political economy。In Marx’s writing，Category、Concepts are sometimes used confusingly。But the "concept" is special，It marks a category that grasps the essence of bet365 coupon code relations。Based on "concept"，Only can we scientifically criticize the old economic categories。When we put Marx’s “concept” into perspective，You will be able to understand its Hegelian origin。Marx pointed out，Capital is "the basic concept of modern economics，Just as capital itself - its abstract reflection is its concept - is the basis of bourgeois society"。On the one hand，Concepts are subjective forms of thinking，That is, "abstract reflection"；On the other hand，Concept must be a bet365 coupon code relationship that occupies an essential position。Concepts are grasped in terms of “purity” and “immanence”、Understanding bet365 coupon code relationships。The so-called purity，The definition of the concept of meaning excludes all accidental factors；So-called immanence，The content of the meaning concept constitutes the internal basis of things。Same as Hegel，Marx also believed that when things reach their own concept，The most appropriate form was adopted，That is, a form that is consistent with its own internal regulations。

It is in the above sense that Marx applied "conceptual" thinking to the criticism of political economy: "When conducting this general study，We always assume，Various real relationships are consistent with their concepts，Or，The various realistic relationships described are only general types that express themselves。”Based on this，Marx only penetrated various political economic categories based on empiricism。Old categories such as "wages" and "circulating capital"，Either the bet365 coupon code relationship is not grasped in the most appropriate form，Either confuse the inherent provisions of bet365 coupon code relations with empirical phenomena。Only by using “conceptual” thinking to grasp the essential provisions of bet365 coupon code relations，The inevitable intermediary link contained in the "passing concept"，The superficial phenomenon that finally leads to society，The critical narrative of the categories of political economy can be completed。

(This article is a phased result of the National bet365 coupon code Science Fund Youth Project "Philosophical Research on the bet365 coupon code Form of Productivity and the Prerequisites for Common Wealth" (21CZX012)

(Author’s unit: School of Marxism, Party School of Shanghai Municipal Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China)