The term “degrowth” was proposed by French social philosopher André Gorz in 1972，and received widespread attention in the early 21st century。“De-bet365 voucher” as a political economic theory，Believe that developed countries should not pursue economic bet365 voucher one-sidedly，A steady-state economy with sustainable development should be achieved by slowing down economic bet365 voucher。In the context of concepts and policies such as sustainable development and protection of the ecological environment，After more than 40 years of development，The framework and content of degrowth theory are becoming increasingly clear and abundant。Recently，Professor Jason Hickel of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, ​​Spain, and others published research results in the journal Nature，Focus on the analysis of the responsibilities of developed countries in global energy consumption、The implementation of “de-bet365 voucher” related policies and the many challenges faced by future research。In the changes of the world、Changing times、In a situation where historical changes are unfolding in an unprecedented way，The topic of bet365 voucher models in Western countries has once again become a hot topic in academic circles。

　　Developed bet365 voucher bear the main responsibility for resource consumption

Currently，The global economy is basically structured around bet365 voucher，Many countries、Region、Fields and industries strive to increase production。Hickel and others believe，This unlimited bet365 voucher method accelerates climate change and ecological collapse，It runs counter to the goals of improving human well-being and reducing damage to the ecological environment。High-income economies, the companies they dominate, and the wealthy class are consuming global resources at an unsustainable rate，Have primary responsibility for sustainable development issues。

Experts in the field of ecological economics call on developed countries to abandon GDP bet365 voucher as a goal，Reduce destructive and unnecessary forms of production，And focus economic activities on ensuring human needs and well-being。Meanwhile，“De-bet365 voucher” has a purpose，Will continue to release energy and materials for low- and middle-income countries that still need bet365 voucher，Aims to achieve economic stability as well as social and ecological goals。“Degrowth” is different from recession，Recession represents chaos and social instability，Mainly occurs when some economies that still need to grow fail to achieve effective bet365 voucher。

In recent years，The “de-bet365 voucher” approach because it can achieve rapid decarbonization、Characteristics to halt ecological destruction and improve social outcomes，Received much attention。Reports released in 2022 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the World Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services indicate，In response to the challenges of biodiversity loss and ecological collapse，We should focus on “de-bet365 voucher” policies。Specifically，First, reduce unnecessary production。This means reducing the size of disruptive industries，such as fossil fuels、Mass production of meat and dairy products。At the same time，Extend product life and reduce purchasing power of wealthy people。The second is to improve public services。Ensuring high quality healthcare、Education、Housing、Transportation、Internet、The accessibility of renewable energy and nutritious food，Improving the level of public services can produce powerful social effects while reducing the use of resources。The third is to introduce green employment guarantee。Skilling the workforce around pressing social and ecological goals，Continuously increase the re-employment rate of workers in declining or sunset industries after being laid off。The fourth is to reduce working hours。Such measures can reduce carbon emissions，Let people freely engage in caregiving and other activities that improve welfare，And further stabilize employment with the reduction of unnecessary production activities。The fifth is to achieve sustainable development。This requires relief from the unfair and unpayable debt of low- and middle-income countries，Curbing unequal transactions in international trade，And readjust production capacity，To adapt to changes in social goals。

　Key research areas of “de-bet365 voucher”

Currently，Some countries and cities have introduced policies related to de-bet365 voucher。For example，Many European countries provide free medical care and education；Vienna and Singapore are known for high quality public housing；Finland、Sweden and New Zealand are experimenting with shorter working hours and a basic income。Hickel and others believe，The above policies are some preliminary attempts，Want to implement a more comprehensive “de-bet365 voucher” strategy in a safe and equitable manner，The academic community also needs to focus on the following areas。

First，Reduce dependence on bet365 voucher。The development of the global economy depends on bet365 voucher in many aspects，For example，Social benefits are usually funded by taxes，Companies rely on expected bet365 voucher to attract investors。Researchers need to identify this “bet365 voucher dependence” on a case-by-case basis，Propose a solution。For example，Companies should not prioritize short-term financial interests of shareholders，We must put social and environmental interests first，And consider the social and ecological costs of production activities。In addition，Balancing the national economy requires combining the economy、New macroeconomic models of social and ecological variables，and use it to predict redistributive taxes、The impact of de-bet365 voucher policies such as public services。However，Existing models usually focus on a single country，Ignores cross-border dynamics such as capital and currency flows。For example，When markets panic about a country’s low bet365 voucher，The country may move its capital overseas，Thereby adversely affecting the domestic currency and increasing borrowing costs。Therefore，New models need to consider international cooperation that can strengthen border controls on capital flows，And model to examine the impact of cooperation。

Secondly，Introducing new forms of financing to fund public services。Governments can end various subsidies for fossil fuel extraction，Set up a wealth tax to increase public resources and bet365 voucher inequality。From an economic perspective，If demand increases beyond the economy’s productive capacity，Inflation risks must be controlled，Using money for public services reduces cost of living inflation。Meanwhile，By encouraging sharing and collaborative consumption、Encourage measures such as renovation and repair of infrastructure，It can also bet365 voucher people’s demand for material goods。

AGAIN，Expand the scope of trials to shorten working hours。Existing evidence shows，Shortening working hours can reduce employees’ work stress，Improve sleep condition，Stay productive while doing so。But most trials are concentrated in the public sector in Nordic bet365 voucher，and North America、Some private companies in Europe and other regions。Can this method be used in different regions、Application in a wider range of different industries，Still to be further investigated and evaluated。In addition，We need to further study the impact of shortened working hours on per employee costs、Income of employees in different industries and the impact of final carbon emissions。

Finally，Reshape the resource supply system。Currently，No developed country meets the basic needs of its residents in a sustainable manner。High-income countries occupy significantly more than their fair share of resources，And some low- and middle-income countries face resource shortages。Researchers need materials other than energy sources、Land、Water and other resources are taken into consideration，Research Housing、Transportation、Communication、Healthcare、Education、Food and other supply systems，Really thinking about what bet365 voucher and institutional changes could improve supply systems、What types of supply systems have the most bet365 voucher and environmental benefits。

In the opinion of Hickel and others，The question facing Western countries today is no longer whether there will be limits to bet365 voucher，But how to promote social prosperity without bet365 voucher，To ensure a sustainable future。This requires a large-scale mobilization of economics、Sociology、Researchers in political science and other disciplines and fields。To obtain more research funds，“De-bet365 voucher” research also needs to improve major economies such as the United Nations conference、Attention and discussion on environment and climate forums。

　Supportive and critical voices coexist

Current，Public attitudes toward economic bet365 voucher are changing。European polls show，Most people prioritize well-being and ecological goals over bet365 voucher；Polls in the US and UK show，People support increased job security and reduced hours。Supporters of “de-bet365 voucher” say，“De-bet365 voucher” does not advocate austerity policies，It is not necessary to slow down the pace of development of developing countries that are eager to improve their living standards，But “think in terms of adequacy”。Sam Alexander, a researcher at the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute at the University of Melbourne, Australia, thinks，“De-bet365 voucher” represents a new social or economic model，It is based on a planned contraction of the economy’s resource needs，Protect everyone’s quality of life by improving the ecological environment。This does not mean that people have to regress to the "lifestyle of primitive society"，Instead, it advocates that people in developed countries reduce excessive consumption behavior，Live comfortably with less money。

Despite this，The “de-bet365 voucher” theory also has its critics。Andrew McAfee, chief scientist at MIT Sloan School of Management, believes，This is a disturbing、Impractical concept，Asking people to consume less to combat climate change is a losing battle，Economic contraction under “de-bet365 voucher” may lead to unemployment、Uncertainty such as business closure，Reduce the income of enterprises and governments，R&D funding and innovation activities will also be reduced as a result。Meanwhile，There is evidence，Developed countries can reduce pollution without affecting bet365 voucher，There is no need to pollute your own country、Enterprises that consume large amounts of resources move to developing countries，Instead, we directly reduce pollution domestically through smart supervision。In addition，Under the combined effect of technological progress and market forces，Solar and wind energy getting cheaper，And gradually replace coal power generation，Cost of combating climate change further reduced。

On these critical views，Proponents of “degrowth” believe，The reasons for criticism are difficult to establish。Because countries around the world are pursuing unlimited economic expansion，To reduce carbon emissions and protect fragile ecosystems，It will inevitably consume more energy。More bet365 voucher means more energy consumption，And more energy consumption makes decarbonization more difficult in the short term。