Chen Qixiu (1886-1960)，After renamed Chen Baoyin，I used the pen name to be farmer、​​spoon water、Luojiang, etc.，The first translator of the Chinese version of "Capital"，One of the communicators of early Marxism in China，Famous economist。He has served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Sichuan Provincial Political Consultative Conference、Standing Committee Member of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee of the Revolutionary Revolution、Standing Committee Member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference。Chen Qixiu's life writings, etc.，Research fields involve economics、Finance、Political Science、Law and literature and opera in multiple fields。Works mainly include "Economics Speech", "General Theory of Finance", "Social Science Research Methodology", "New Political Science", etc.; "Cosmic Views"。Chen Qixiu was born in a house incense home in Zhongjiang County, Sichuan Province，1905 Dongdu Japan Study， In 1913, he was admitted to the Department of Law, the Department of Law of the Empire University of Tokyo。During college，Chen Qixiu is a pioneer of Japanese Marxism、Economist's thoughts on the thoughts of Zhao Shangzhao have a deep impact，laid a solid theoretical basis for its future translation of "Capital" and studying Marxist economics。During the Japanese stay，Chen Qixiu and Li Dazhao met，In 1916, Li Dazhao organized the establishment of Bingchen Academy (later renamed China Academy) and served as an executive director。After returning to China in 1917，Open and teach Marxist theory related courses。In October 1923, went to Europe and the Soviet Union for study，And joined the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China in the Soviet Union。In 1926, I went to the instructor of the Huangpu Military Academy in Guangzhou and the instructor of the Guangzhou Farmers Movement Specialty。After the failure of the Revolution，Chen Qixiu exile in Japan and devoted himself to theoretical research，During this period, translated and published the first part of Marx's "Capital"。After returning to China in 1930，Continue to teach at Peking University。1937，Introduction to Feng Yuxiang，Leading to the National Government Military Commission。During the Anti -Japanese War，Former participation officer of the National Political Council。1946，Break with the Kuomintang government who advocates the civil war，Actively support students' patriotic movement。In 1951, he served as Dean of Chongqing University of Finance and Economics，In 1956, he was rated as a first -level professor in economics。1960，Chen Qixiu's sudden disease，Destiny after rescue，74 years old。

China from the end of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century，"When the vicissitudes change"。Chen Qixiu, who graduated from middle school, crosses Japan to study，Facing imperialist invasion and warlord melee，He can't help but send out "Wing Five Miles and Wandering，Looking at the affairs of Shenzhou。East neighboring tiger depends on the west neighbor，Who is the group? "Sigh，Positive "I wish the Queen Mother Yaochi Water，Sprinkle Ganlin all thousands of thousands "。During studying in Japan，Chen Qixiu met Li Dazhao and established a deep friendship with him。They are all affected by the thought of the pioneer in the Japanese Marxist Pioneer.，I came into contact with Marxism。In the frequent communication with Li Dazhao，Chen Qixiu gradually became a Marxist，His "Economics Outline" and his translated "Capital theory" through Hezhao Zhao，Starting in -depth research on Marxism。After returning to China，Chen Qixiu and Li Dazhao offer and teach Marxist related courses，Become one of the early Chinese Marxist communicationrs。Since then，Chen Qixiu not only gives Marxist courses，Also translated and written about Marxism related works，and actively participate in the Chinese revolution。After the founding of New China，Chen Qixiu combines Marxism theory with the actual situation of China，3473_3498。

　　Coaching college: teach and publicize Marxist thought

1917，Chen Qixiu returned from studying abroad to teach at Peking University，bet365 live casino games Director of the Institute of Political Gate Institute，Professor Finance、Modern Political Science、Constitution and other courses。After the outbreak of the May 4th Movement，He often talks with Li Dazhao and others to cooperate with patriotism and report in public field，Promote Marxist theory，Actively support students' patriotic movement。1920，Chen Qixiu offers a new course of "Introduction to Marxist Economics" at Peking University，Introduce Marx's economics theory to students。September of the same year，In a modern political lecture in the Department of Political Department of Peking University，Introduce the specific situation of the Soviet Union after the October Revolution，and analyzed the status of the World Workers' Movement and the Chinese Labor Movement at the time。November 1921，Under Li Dazhao's organization，The Marxology Studies Research Association was officially established。Chen Qixiu has been in the Marxology Studies Research Association，Published "Investigation and Conditional Discussion on the Socialist Base and Performance with his inductiveness and possibility in modern China。He explained socialism，and analyzed the scientific nature of scientific socialism and its positive effects，I believe that China should learn from the experience of Russians，In the future, "I am afraid that the socialism and the foreign party will jointly be with the International Party，No other method "。Chen Qixiu is the first member of the Marxology Studies Research Association，Lectures on the theory of Marxist theory constantly。March 1922，He was hired as the mentor of the research team of the Marxology Research Society "Capital Theory"，Guidance Research Group members learn and study Marx's "Capital Theory"。

1925 Chen Qixiu after returning to China from the Soviet Union，Northern China has fallen into white terror，The revolutionary situation in the south has developed rapidly。So，He resigned from the faculty at Peking University，Go to Guangzhou to Huangpu Military Academy as a lecturer in the Political Department，Participate in including economics、History of economic thought、Constitution comparison of various countries、China's political and economic status、Teaching of courses such as world economic conditions，and responsible for a speech on the recent world economic situation。At the same time，Chen Qixiu also serves as a professor at Guangdong University，And as a preparatory member to participate in the preparation of Sun Yat -sen University。During Guangzhou，Chen Qixiu was invited by Mao Zedong，As a teacher of the 6th Guangzhou Farmers Movement Passer，Discussion of "China Fiscal and Economic Status", "Common Sense of Economics" and "Son -Russian Status" three courses，Lessons 40 hours。This period，Chen Qixiu's propaganda and teaching of Marxism，Make the young elites began to contact and understand Marxism，Make an important contribution to the National Revolution。

1930，Chen Qixiu's exile in Japan to return to Peking University after returning to China。Facing the "cultural encirclement" initiated by the Kuomintang at that time for Marxism，He rises to resist。He offers courses such as Marx Economics at Peking University，The system explains the production process of capitalism and the essence of the capitalist system，Vigorously promote Marxist thought from young students who are thirsty for knowledge，Strong counterattacks on those of the Kuomintang's royal scholars who criticize Marxist political economy。After the outbreak of the September 18th Incident，Chen Qixiu resolutely advocates resistance to Japan to save the country，His anti -Japanese rescue campaign to support students，and participate in the anti -Japanese saving speech held by the Student Union of Peking University。December 17, 1931，He also delivered a speech of "The Second" May 4th "at the 33rd anniversary of the establishment of Peking University，Analysis of the situation faced by China after the September 18th Incident，Think that "now is the era of international imperialism to divide China"，Proposal to strive for "the right to save the country", "right to read the freedom", "university autonomy", etc.。1932，Chen Qixiu wrote "Economics Speech" according to his own curriculum lecture，Systematically introduced the economics of Marxism to students，and clearly bet365 best casino games point out that moving towards socialism is an inevitable trend of China's future development。August，Chen Qixiu was invited by Feng Yuxiang, a patriotic general Feng Yuxiang，Teach lectures for the officer lectures organized by Mount Tai，​​The main lecture economy。Feng Yuxiang also participated in the class，and give a high evaluation to his lecture。other，Chen Qixiu also recommended some reading books to Feng Yuxiang，Including "New Political Science", "Scientific Cosmic View" and "Capital", etc.，This has an important impact on Feng Yuxiang's thoughts，Let him realize the inevitability of the socialist revolution。Since then, Chen Qixiu has lectured in Taishan many times，Teaching courses include "Analysis of World Politics", "Policy Policy", "Situation of Modern Chinese Politics", "Scientific Analysis of Modern International Politics", etc.。Chen Qixiu Taishan talked back to the Kuomintang's "cultural encirclement"，greatly improved the people across the country to oppose the civil war、Determination of unity and anti -Japanese。

Whether at Peking University，Still in Guangzhou or Taishan，Chen Qixiu is in his own unique way，Through course lecture、Lecture and lectures to promote Marxist thought，Let more insightful people understand Marxism，Recognize the scientific nature of Marxism，A firm confidence in the inevitable victory of socialism，Learn to use Marxist theory to solve the problems and difficulties facing China at that time，His contribution to the spread of Marxism in China。

　　Book of books:Learning and in -depth study of Marxist theory

After the failure of the Revolution，Chen Qixiu Exile Japan，Start to take care of academic research，The works published during this period and translated more than one million words。Chen Qixiu was exposed to Marxist economics and conducted in -depth research。When teaching at Peking University，Chen Qixiu has taught Marxist economics for Introduction，Introduce Marxist Economics theory to young students。1928，He translated the "Economics Outline" in Kawaka in Japan，It is believed that "this book is regarded as a scientific book of the university's economic principles，It can be said to be the first good book in the world "。The translation of the Economic Outline is in -depth、It is easy to understand，Welcome to domestic communists，Many Communist Party members have learned about Marxist economics。Chairman Mao Zedong once read this book in detail，Recommend it to the central and local research groups to study。Professor Guan Meng, a famous Marxist economist in our country, also benefited from this book，He said: "Chen Lao's credit to spread Marxism in my country is indelible。”

1930，Chen Qixiu is based on teaching Marxist economics and guiding students to learn "Capital"，With the experience of translating "Economic Outline" and the advantages of 5 foreign language，According to the German version of the "Capital" written by Katzki, the translation work of the first article of Marx's "Capital"。During the translation process，He also referred to the Japanese version of the Japanese version and other translations of Kawakaka and Miyagakawa。In the case where many nouns are not available in Chinese without Chinese，Chen Qixiu tried to use his own method to solve these problems: when encountering noun concepts、Place names such as place names that are difficult to translate，Chen Qixiu added notes to understand it for readers，The entire translation has added 47 "Chen Note"。other，Translation In addition to the text of the first article of "Capital" and the first and second editions of the text， "For the convenience of seeking Chinese readers"，Chen Qixiu also joined the "Translator Example", "Explanation of Capital" and "Cowzki National Edition"，enable readers to "get some wisdom that should be known before reading" Capital "。In order to better reflect the thought content of Marx's original work，Chen Qixiu even created some words to try to restore the original meaning，Although these words are not used by future generations，But this attempt is positive in the history of translation。Chen Qixiu's "Capital Theory" translation is finally published by Shanghai Kunlun Bookstore in the form of the first volume of the first volume.。Although the content of "Commodity and Curren" is only a small part of "Capital"，But it is the basis of Bet365 lotto review "Capital"，is also the most important、The most difficult part。"Commodity and Currency" takes the establishment of scientific labor value theory as the core，On the basis of revealing the internal contradictions of the product，Create a scientific currency theory，laid the foundation for the theory of surplus value。Chen Qixiu pointed out，"As long as we can understand the nature of capitalist social products，Then all the products that have not been available from previous regulations can be known "。The "Capital Theory" translated by Chen Qixiu is a milestone in the translation history of Marxist classic writers，It opened the prelude to the Chinese translation "Capital Theory"，After him, Wang Sihua、Hou Waulu、Pan Dongzhou and many other scholars participated in the translation work of "Capital"。Chen Qixiu's translation of "Capital Theory" is in a low tide at the domestic revolution，Many revolutionaries are in the downturn、Wandering，The issuance of the first volume of the first volume of the first volume of "Capital" is the road to the confused revolutionaries，greatly promoted the spread of Marxism，Let more intellectuals and Communist Party members learn Marxism，Continuously expand the influence of Marxism。

Chen Qixiu not only translated "Capital Theory"，and in -depth research on the methodology of "Capital"，It is obtained from the conclusion of the fundamental method of studying social sciences。After returning from Japan，Tell Chen Qixiu，Xu Wanjun、"Social Science Method Theory" recorded by Lei Jishang was published in 1932，It is designed to introduce the fundamental method of studying social sciences。In the book, Chen Qixiu is scientific、Social sciences defined，He pointed out that the role of science is to find out the cause and effect on the basis of understanding social phenomena，and apply it for it。In this process, it contains the world's material、Things are interconnected and in the basic principles of dialectical materialism such as continuous movement and development。Chen Qixiu from knowing the basic theory、Specific methodology I know、Cosmic Perspective、Method Method Theory、Five aspects of practical methodology, the basic principle of dialectical materialism theory，He pointed out "Decisive Thinking，But both are constantly developing and exercising，Not fixed "。The main contradictions and contradictions of things should be found in things that are constantly changing development in order to correctly grasp the trend of the development of things。The universe is material and unified，All cosmic phenomena are interconnected and can be transformed by each other，And the quality of the dialectical law varies、The three fundamental rules of the oppositional unity and negation of the three fundamental rules are constantly developing movements。He believes that formal logic is "common theory"，Dialectical logic is "Contradiction"，"Dialectical theory in principle in principle of thinking，Overcoming the formal law of formal theory、Contradiction、Rule of Law; grasped ‘relatively the same，The principle of absolute differences' "。He pointed out that he should establish the outlook on life with "more meaning and correct meaning" in accordance with the theory of dialectical materialism，"Make your own nation and all ethnic groups in the world break away from the pain caused by an unreasonable system，Tong Deng Liberty Kingdom "，This also reflects Chen Qixiu's distinctive proposition to realize socialism。The Social Science Method Theory systematically elaborates Marx's dialectical materialism，and put forward many incisive insights，This was extremely valuable at the time。The idea of ​​dialectical materialism also runs through Chen Qixiu's future academic research，Become a strong support for his entire academic ideological system。

Except for works，Chen Qixiu also wrote a number of textbooks，Published a lot of articles on journals and newspapers，Using his deep Marxist theoretical basics to analyze the situation in China at that time、Support student movement、Promote Marxist thought，Make Marxism's fire species a wider range of sowing。

　Drop the revolution:Practice Marxist Social Revolution Theory

Chen Qixiu returned from the Soviet Union to return to China，I actively participated in the vigorous revolutionary movement。In the second half of 1925，The Communist Party of China and the bet365 Play online games Kuomintang jointly led the opposition to imperialism、Tariffs and autonomous campaigns against the policy of the Beiyang warlord government weakness and trading。People from all over the country have also set up tariffs and independent promotion meetings，Requires to obtain real tariff autonomy。October 28, 1925，Chen Qixiu published "Tariff Meeting and National Economy"，Display the predation of imperialism，It is pointed out "The so -called implementation value is more than two percent of the additional pumping and five percent、May 1，It's just a perfunctory China at that time "，and a violent attack on the Beiyang Warlord Government，Point out that the so -called customs meeting "is simply equivalent to supplying warlord's civil war"。He analyzed the real tariff autonomy，Against the claim of objection to iliac and installment。Tariff Autonomous Movement quickly entered a climax，Beijing universities exercise in various forms，Chen Qixiu has always been the activist and leader of this movement。November 22，The Tariff Express Demonstration Movement of 20,000 people consisting of various groups of Beijing groups broke out，Chen Qixiu presided over the adoption of tariff autonomy、Resolution of the free case of the public。The tariff movement promotes the continuous development of the anti -feudal national revolution movement。

While the tariff autonomous movement，Beijing also broke out to overthrow the North Ocean warlord government、The Capital Revolution that establishes a national regime。In the afternoon of November 28，Under the command of Zhu Jiayi, a professor at Peking University，50,000 people collection，Passed the "Organization of the National Government Committee in Beijing today" and "the task of the National Government Committee，Ensure all freedom of the people internally，Hold a national meeting，Implementing international equality to the outside world "and" Organizing the National Government by the National Conference "and other resolutions。In the afternoon of the 29th，More than 50,000 people held the National Revolutionary demonstration meeting at Tiananmen Square，Chen Qixiu and others delivered a speech at the meeting，The final meeting passed "Lift all power from Duan Qirui from now on，7 proposals such as the national ruling "。Although the "Capital Revolution" is ultimately due to the destruction of the Kuomintang right and the inaction of the Kuomintang, it has not achieved the purpose of seizing power，However, it also gave the reactionary warlord forces with a heavy blow，At the same time, it shows the greatness of the people's revolutionary forces。

December 1925，Japanese army sent troops to prevent Guo Songling from attacking Zhang Zuolin，This has aroused great indignation of the people of the whole country。Under the promotion and leadership of the Communist Party of China，Beijing has set off a anti -Japanese advancement movement。December 31，Against Japan Entrusted Congress held in all sectors of Beijing，Chen Qixiu is a member of the 8 -person bureau。January 13, 1926，Chen Qixiu participated in Peking University、Anti -Japanese lectures held by universities such as Beijing Normal University。14th，Beijing groups hold thousands of people's anti -Japanese demonstration campaign at Tiananmen Square，Chen Qixiu as a member of the Presidium proposed twelve proposals such as "declaration of war on Japan" and "disconnecting economic relations with Japan"，One by one to the masses to vote。early March 1926，Japanese ships scanned Chinese soldiers and crashed Dalukou，Stiring the indignation of the Beijing people。March 18th，Students of more than 80 large middle schools and more than 140 social groups in total of more than 20,000 people holding a national demonstration conference against the Eight National Economics Plaza，Chen Qixiu and Li Dazhao and others are members of the 8 -person presidency。A demonstration parade was held after the meeting，Duan Qirui Government Guard shoots in front of the governor to the parade，Cause 47 people to be killed、More than 200 people were injured，This is the tragedy of the March 18 that shocked China and foreign countries。It is precisely because of this activity，Chen Qixiu became Duan Qirui government to want to be wanted，I have to go down to Guangzhou to continue revolutionary activities。1926 Chen Qixiu arrived in Wuhan，Working in the Bet365 app download Kuomintang Central Propaganda Department and the General Political Department of the National Revolutionary Army，Once as a propagandist organization launched the Wuhan Journalist Association，I also participated in the work of leading farmers' movement，He has been standing at the forefront of the revolution，Participated in Chiang Kai -shek、The fierce struggle of reactionaries within the Kuomintang，Eventually wanted by the Chiang Kai -shek government，Wang Jingwei Group's rebellion after the revolution，Chen Qixiu has to exile in Japan。

May 1930，Chen Qixiu returned from Japan to China and continued to engage in revolutionary activities。1935，Chen Qixiu participated in the Anti -Japanese Salvation Movement organized by the Secrets of the Peiping Underground Party and served as the person in charge of the Pingda Law Business School。During the Anti -Japanese War，Chen Qixiu served as the participating office of the National Government's Military Commission，I wrote a lot of about insisting on anti -Japanese、Proposal against surrender and wartime economy。After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War，Chen Qixiu opposed the Kuomintang's civil war.，Sports that resolutely breaks and actively support students to oppose the campaign of the Kuomintang reactionary。1949，Chen Qixiu avoids the persecution of the Kuomintang agents，Organize the school movement on the other hand to welcome Chongqing liberation。

Chen Qixiu is not only a scholar in the book，And the warrior in the revolutionary movement，Opposing imperialism、Opposition to the Beiyang Warlord Government、Anti -Japanese aggression、The revolution against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang has made outstanding contributions。

　　Participate in the Construction of New China:Combination with Marxism with China

After the liberation of Chongqing，Chen Qixiu worked at Chongqing University，Dean of the newly formed Chongqing Institute of Finance and Economics in 1951，In 1952。He was a member of the Standing Committee of the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China，Also elected as a member of the Sichuan Provincial CPPCC、Standing Committee Council。While teaching，I have always insisted on using Marxist theory to analyze and study problems encountered in the development of China。At the Sichuan Provincial Political Consultative Conference meeting held in April 1957，For my country's population growth at that time, the population growth rate is too fast、Industrial and agricultural production cannot keep up with the problem of population growth，Chen Qixiu proposed "family planning theory"。He recommends that "promotes late marriage", "make married young couples work in a region or institution" and "take safety contraception" to implement family planning。Chen Qixiu's "Family Planning Theory" and Ma Yinchu's "New Population Theory" are almost at the same time，At the same time, humans published at the Supreme State Conference with Mao Zedong in February of that year must control themselves、The spirit of a planned growth is consistent。

July 1959，Chen Qixiu participated in the second scientific discussion meeting of Sichuan University of Finance and Economics as a member of the presidium，Facing the economic development of New China，He made a speech entitled "My Opinions on the Laws of Commodity Production and Value in the Socialist System"，Speaking is divided into two parts: commodity production and value laws。In the product production part，He believes that commodity production originated from human social labor，It is conducive to the development of human society and the improvement of labor productivity，The production of private ownership、The exploitation of capitalist private ownership and the monopoly of imperialism "makes the production of commodities a great hinder，On the one hand, it expands the socialization of labor production，But at the same time, it hinders the improvement of labor productivity "。The socialist system has established the public ownership of production materials，"Make the production of goods into a big leap"。He pointed out that under the socialist system，Commodity production "has a vast development future，In the communist stage，I am afraid that the production of goods will also exist "，As long as the socialization of production exists，Then the production of goods is still the need for humans，Even if the "all -available distribution on demand" in the future is just a difference in bet365 best casino games the distribution method，It does not affect the existence of commodity production。From this he derived the definition of product production，"That is to say, it is not for the producer to consume by itself, but to exchange with other producers，This production is product production，The exchanged products are products "。In the law of value，He pointed out，The law of value contains "the law of different types of laborization into equivalent labor" and "the law of the decision between the same labor"。He believes that "the value of goods is determined by the average labor of the society"，Products that consume less labor are in a favorable position during the exchange，Therefore, this law can promote the development of labor production technology，It is also conducive to promoting the re -distribution of social reproduction。Under the socialist system，Value law still exists，The principle of equivalent exchange is still working，and expanded due to the development of emerging industries; the regulating effect of the re -distribution of social reproduction still exists，But from the original spontaneous adjustment to being replaced by the plan; the law of value still has the effect of promoting productivity development。In the communist stage，Value rules still exist，But its effect will change，The scope of spontaneous adjustment will be reduced，The scope of the regulation of human plan will expand，At the same time, the law of value can still promote the development of production。Based on this，Chen Qixiu proposed that he opposed "shell theory"，It is considered that the product under the socialist system is essentially commodity。At the same time, he also opposes all system theory，It is believed that there is nothing to do with the production of goods and ownership，Product production still exists under the socialist system，For example, "there are also commodity production within state -owned enterprises"。He also believes that "the law of planning and value is contradictory"，This was the right to look at the market economy and planned economy for us at the time、The relationship between the plan and the market is very important.。

In the case of a highly concentrated planned economic system in China at that time，Chen Qixiu is based on the system explanation and analysis of the system of commodity production and the laws of value production and analysis on the basis of Marxist economic theory.，These views are not out of date even today，Fully reflects his practical spirit that combines the basic theory of Marxism with China。

Chen Qixiu's life is a bumpy life，But he always adheres to a firm Marxist belief，Persist in teaching and promotion of Marxist theory。He always stands at the forefront of the revolution，Use Marxist theory to analyze and explain the problems facing China and the future development trend of China，Always play an important leadership role in the revolutionary movement。After the founding of New China，He even uses Marxist theory to analyze the problems facing China's economic development，Systematic interpretation of commodity production and value laws under the socialist system，These academic views were important for the economic development of China at that time，It is also the precious spiritual wealth in the history of the development of Chinese economics。Chen Qixiu's life is studying、Publicity and practice Marxism and continue to struggle，It is a veritable Marxist salary。

　(Author Unit: College of Marxism University of Bohai University)