His three UN Secretary -General Special Adviser，Long -term committed sustainable development、Global development issues such as global poverty reduction and economic growth; he introduced "shock therapy" to the field of economics，The father of the "shock therapy"; he participated in the formulation of many national government economic policies，Help these countries out of the economic crisis; he has been rated as "Times Weekly" "Top 100 Influential Characters" twice，Selected "Economist" "The Three Economists in the World in the World Today"; he is also a popular best -selling author，"The End of Poverty -Economics of our Time" and other books on the New York Times bestseller list。At the same time，His identity is not limited to economists、Experts of global development issues，He also pays close attention to the evolution and turning of world history、Changes and trends of the international pattern -he is Jeffrey Sachs, a professor of economics at Columbia University,。Recent，Our reporter interviewed Professor Saxos，Global development and Chinese characters、Reform and opening up and the development of China、World History and International Pixels and other issues，Carrying out a in -depth dialogue。

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"China Social Sciences": First of all，Please introduce the work experience of your special consultant of the United Nations Secretary -General in recent years，and in the long -term work process of the United Nations，You have reduced poverty for global poverty、Climate Change、What are the experiences of global development issues such as environmental sustainability?

Sax: 2001-2018，I used to be Annan、Special Counselor of the three United Nations Secretary -General of Ban Kiwen and Gutres。At present, I am the "Sustainable Development Objective Advocator" of the United Nations Secretary -General of Getres，and the Chairman of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN) under the host of the Secretary -General。In the past 22 years，I have been committed to serving the United Nations。

At the beginning of the new millennium，Leaders of the world have unanimously adopted the Millennium Development Objectives in the United Nations (2000-2015)。2015，With the goal of the millennium development, the end of the end，The United Nations formulates the 2030 Sustainable Development AD with 17 sustainable development goals。Over the years，My specific work is to implement and implement the millennium development goals and sustainable development goals，To help solve the reduction of global extreme poverty，Reduce the hunger population，Eliminate uneven，Copy energy crisis、Climate Change、Loss of biological diversity, etc. The problems faced by the current human development，and help realize real polymerization and polymerization under the framework of the United Nations Charter，Promoting the well -being of the people of all countries from the whole。Now，As an advocate of the UN Sustainable Development Objective，I shoulders the heavy task of promoting the solution of global problems with my own actions。In the process of working in the United Nations，I have always believed in the following five concepts。

First，We can and should end global poverty in our generation。In the elimination of poverty -stricken areas，The United Nations Millennium Development Objectives and Sustainable Development Objects have established specific indicators and timetables globally，It is the world's recognized settings with more reasonable goals。"The Declaration of Human Rights" by maintaining the basic rights enjoyed by humans，Created a common bet365 Play online games moral framework for eliminating global poverty。Turning to poverty requires the joint participation and unremitting efforts of each country，From this perspective，The aid of the rich country for the poor country is a moral commitment，It is also a kind of self -salvation。What is worthy of praise is，As a country that achieves the goal of poverty alleviation in 2030 in 10 years in advance，Historical feats in China to win poverty alleviation，Make an indelible contribution to the global poverty reduction cause，Provides inspiration and roadmap for the country to obtain。

2，In addition to the UN millennium development goals、Sustainable Development Objectives and the "World Human Rights Declaration"，Human beings should use the various goals and protocols reached in the international level to help guide and motivate the world to take action。For this，The international community has also passed the Paris Agreement and "Kunming -Montreal Global Biological Diversity Framework"，Establish the correct and consistent cooperation direction and guidance principles for countries around the world。

third，Human beings should be under the framework of the United Nations Charter，To build a peace、Prosperity、Harmonious world and work together。The United Nations Charter establishes the purpose and principles of the United Nations，Standards the rights and obligations of member states，and the basic criteria for maintaining world peace and security，It should be generally observed by countries。For this，I once called on the US government to formulate a new foreign policy，The goal of this policy is to take the initiative to end the American ambition to seek global dominance or maintain its hegemony。In the 21st century，What we need is multilateralism and peace and peace，instead of burning war fire or hegemony of any country。At this point，I especially appreciate China ’s peace appeal to comply with the UN Charter and International Law。

Fourth，Human beings should ask for help to the wisdom of the ancients，From the Confucius of China、Ancient Greek's Aristotle draw inspiration，To help "Lost Modern People" find a common concept and spiritual belief suitable for the current global ethical framework。I believe，Many important philosophical views of Confucius and Aristotle，In terms of cultivating the virtues of social citizens and how to play the role of virtue in modern society，It has great reference meaning。

Fifth，Human beings should sincerely congratulate the success of countries in the world in terms of economic progress，Instead of seeing the achievements of other countries as a threat or trying to hinder its development process。Especially in the era of global integration，The honor between the country and the country、One damage is damaged，No country can become the island of the global economy。China's economic rise since its reform and opening up in 1978，It is a huge achievement made by China itself，It is also a huge contribution to human development and world prosperity，countries around the world should praise Chinese achievements from the heart。

　The success story of China's economic development provides valuable experience

"China Social Sciences": You have been invited to visit China many times，It can be said that it is a witness to the Chinese economy.。Development of China，What changes do you feel?

Sax: I first visited China in 1981，At that time, China had just recovered from the disorderly chaos and material scarcity of materials in the 1960s and the 1970s。Since then，Cemetery invited by Chinese government departments to provide evaluation or suggestions，I usually come to China many times a year，So far, I have visited from the mainland to the coast、Many different regions from rural to cities。Over the years，I witnessed the implementation of the reform of the Chinese market economy、The prosperity of China's coastal areas bet365 best casino games in the 1980s and 1990s、The birth of many private sectors and stock markets in China and the revival of China's first -class universities and education fields。It can be said，I have witnessed China from shortage to abundant、The change of change from poverty to a well -offness，I also witnessed the Chinese people to say goodbye to the past and lack of food and wear less、Struggle for achieving full food life。

Harvard University and Columbia University have many outstanding students from China。I know many young Chinese scholars，They later became outstanding leaders in various industries in China，The role of the team leader has played，I am proud and happy for their achievements。I think，The achievements and progress of China's achievements over decades are historic，It has played a role of inspiring the Chinese people and the entire world。

"China Social Sciences": You mentioned earlier the achievements of the reform of the Chinese market economy，Thanks to the implementation of the reform and opening up policy at the end of 1978。As an economist，How do you evaluate the characteristics of China's economic development and economic policy since the reform and opening up?

Sax: For the Chinese people，Reform and opening up like a fresh air，Let the appearance of Chinese society look new。Reform and opening up allowed China to create a modern and steaming miracle that has attracted worldwide attention in human history，Let China jump into the world's second largest economy and Asia's largest economy。For decades，China's development speed is faster than any region in history，This is a very great achievement。Analysis of my economics viewpoint，For more than 40 years of reform and opening up，Chinese society has experienced four economic transformations。The first stage is from 1978 to 1990，The end of the planned economy and the beginning stage of the market -oriented reform，The most striking stage at this stage is，Home -produced contract responsibility system implemented in rural areas and transnational trade in urban areas。The second stage is from 1990 to 2000，This stage is a period of large -scale integration of the global industrial chain supply chain in the context of economic globalization。The third stage is from 2000 to 2010，Adjust and optimize for traditional Chinese manufacturing、The development period of the development and growth of advanced manufacturing。The fourth stage is from 2010 to the present，China is becoming an innovative economy，The independent innovation of the high -tech industry has become the stage of promoting the national economic growth engine。

As described above，China is now in accelerating the establishment of a technological innovation system and achieving cutting -edge core technology breakthroughs，further promoting the period of economic modernization。Future，China's economic growth will be more and more based on high -quality education、Excellence Technology、R & D innovation and contribution to global science and culture。I am very optimistic about the future of China's economic development，I believe，Based on health、Education、Training and other human capital，Science、Skills、Experience and other intellectual capital，Renewable energy、Green Energy System、Global Energy Internet and other low -carbon economic elements of low -carbon economic elements，and maintain economic and trade exchanges with other countries and regions in the world，China has the potential to continue to achieve steady and sustainable economic growth in the next decades。

The characteristics of China's economic policy since the reform and opening up，I think its uniqueness is to combine the national macro -control with the market economy、Combining public investment and private economy and the bet365 live casino games development of the domestic market and export market in parallel。As an economist，I have always been an advocate of the hybrid economy, that is, some private economy and some public economy.，I am never a new liberalist who only believes in the private economy of the free market，Some popular media believe that I am a free market advocate of "new liberalism" is typical errors。I think，A well -operated economy needs a constructive combination of public and private sectors。When the state -owned management and ownership of a country close to 100%，Need to start a key policy target steering，immediately allows the operation and expansion of the private sector。This is why China implemented in the late 1970s and early 1980s.。This reform ended the agricultural commune system，In the early 1980s, the development of small and medium -sized private agriculture was quickly allowed，greatly increased grain production and farmers' income。In the late 1980s，China has also carried out similar urban economic reforms starting from the Special Economic Zone of the coastal area，Allow private enterprises to gradually establish in urban areas，Try to create a hybrid economic system。

It is worth mentioning is，China has always been prominent in the medium and long -term planning capabilities that promote economic development，The most famous is the regular five -year planning outline。Especially in housing、water supply、Highway、High -speed railway、Design and construction of urban infrastructure such as digital interconnection，and public education、Medical and Health、Social security and services such as national leisure，China has formulated many medium and long -term national policies and ensures that it is really implemented，This is unimaginable in Western countries。other，The phenomenon of high savings rate of Chinese residents in recent years has aroused widespread attention from economists。According to statistics from the International Monetary Fund，China's savings rate accounts for more than 40%of the GDP (GDP)，It has ranked first in the world for several years。Long -term，High savings rate can effectively help China's economic growth，This can be regarded as a unique place in the Chinese economy。Looking at it overall，China's economic reform process since the reform and opening up is rational、Practical、Thoughtful -the successful story of China's economic development can provide valuable experience for countries around the world, especially many developing countries, especially many developing countries。

　The focus of world history development will be transferred to China again

　"China Social Sciences": Examine the history of the world，An fact that we have to face today is，There is still a "asymmetric" relationship between developed western developed countries and developing countries，Colonial and imperialist actions can still find。At the same time，As you mentioned，The world is in a deep period of change，It is also going to balance again。What historical changes will this show?

Sax: As early as 1500 AD，The overall pattern of the world is more or less in a state of balance -of course not strictly equalization，But the development gap between the wealthy areas and the poor areas is relatively small。Asia at that time did not behind Europe，Even in the technology invention、Social Organizations and other aspects are the lead in Europe。From the 16th century to the 18th century，Inequices between continents have been significantly intensified。Europe brought the fatal pathogen to the Americas，Caused a large number of indigenous residents。In Bacon、Copernicus、Galileo、Newton and other scientific pioneers，Europe successfully launched a modern scientific Bet365 lotto review revolution。And China and Japan are relatively isolated at this time，Laing in Europe in terms of technology and industrial capabilities。

Starting in the 1960s，Based on the improvement of the steam engine and the use of power use, the UK has embarked on the road of early industrialization，Other European countries have also set off an industrialized climax，This makes it not only economy and technology，And has a huge advantage in the power of the navy。Since then，Britain's use of military advantages and weapons to invade many countries and regions including China，Other North Atlantic Empires have joined it。In the first half of the 20th century，Europe continues to implement imperialist control to most regions of Africa and Asia，Two large -scale wars，That is the First World War and World War II。British national power cliff -like decline after World War II，The former "Never Fall Empire" dropped from the world's hegemony to the second -rate strong country，Gradually unable to maintain its colonial forces around the world。As the US economy jumps in the world's first，The United States replaces the role of Britain to start playing global hegemon，and relied on its huge army and advanced weapons and equipment to launch multiple wars，or the governments of many national governments on the continents。

Starting in the 1980s，Many developing countries seize new opportunities for global economic development，The gap between the North Atlantic Empire World and the rest of the world will begin to shrink。Now，Developed countries represented by China and India have undergone the difficult years of the western shadow in the past two centuries，Economy is being realized、Technology、The rapid rise of cultural strength。In my opinion，We are in the era of the end of the Western -dominated world，and return to a more balanced multi -pole world，Although the road ahead is still long。In this multi -polarized world，BRICS、The Group of 20th Group and other multilateral institutions are promoting the establishment of a new global economic architecture，and form a new international system。

Looking at the history of the world，Ancient China has always been the leader of the world's prosperity and the leader of world civilization，It is the contributor of human cultural wisdom。Many dynasties have appeared in Chinese history，For example，The Tang Dynasty as the heyday of ancient China，was the most powerful in the world at that time、The most prosperous country，Its prosperous economy、The splendid civilization has profoundly affected Japan、North Korea and many other neighboring countries。Today，With the focus of global development, it gradually moves to Asia、Transfer to China，The mark of world history will be transferred to China again。Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China，China is ushered in a new prosperous world，Return to glory in ancient Chinese history，The spirit of the spirit is moving towards the bright road of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。

　Build a new world of beautiful peace, common prosperity

"China Social Sciences": You once said，Few people in the United States understand China's reality and history，and disappoint the United States' policy on China。Today，The United States is increasing its efforts to curb the increasing influence of China ’s cutting -edge technologies such as chips and the global financial sector。Based on the world pattern and the background of the times，What do you think of competition and cooperation between nationals?

Sax: Indeed，All you mentioned are facts。As China becomes increasingly becoming a stabilizer for the international industrial chain supply chain，China's strength is regarded as a threat of the US global advantage，American politicians are bet365 best casino games worried and panic about this，and deploy trade by deployment、Unilateral measures such as technology and financial barriers try to hinder China's rise。The current US policy tendency to China is still defensive and offensive，This is undoubtedly a bad and dangerous policy。I want to tell me American compatriots: We should not take "global rule" as the goal，Instead, we should take mutual understanding and cooperation and win -win as the goal。In my opinion，Any idea about "exception" is wrong，It is also dangerous。For a long time，I have always advocated the new American foreign policy based on diplomacy rather than "exception theory"，This view is also emphasized in my book "New Foreign Policy: Beyond the Overnovism" published in 2018。

I summarize the concepts of competition and cooperation between countries currently existing into two types: the first concept is considered，A large country or region should lead in other countries and regions in the world，and goal with dominating international power。Since 1800，The governing elites in the United States have always pursued this value。Senior Researcher of the US Foreign Relations Committee Robert Blackwill (Robert Blackwill) wrote in a paper written for the US Foreign Relations Commission in 2015，Since the founding of the People's Republic of China，The United States has been promoting a big strategy，The focus is to maintain and consolidate its strength advantage relative to other mainland competitors，First is in the North American continent，Then there is Western Hemisphere，Last global。Blackwell thinks，Maintaining the dominant position of the United States in the global system should be the central goal of the 21st Century Strategy in the United States。

For this，Since World War II，U.S. geopolitical strategy Jiale this does not tire to realize the ambition of US hegemony through a variety of other countries' interests -however，This is an unrealistic and unpalatable goal，Because any country should not have the beliefs that dominate other countries，It should not formulate rules for other countries and regions in the world in accordance with their own wishes，This belief and willingness reflects a mix of power and arrogance。The Russian -Ukuro conflict that broke out in February 2022 can be regarded as a product of this power and arrogance mixed，This conflict has caused heavy heavy losses in Europe and even around the world。In my opinion，This is a tragedy that can be avoided。

A firm believer of the multilateral institution，I oppose any form of hegemonism，I hope to see the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank managed by the world together，instead of unilaterally managed by the United States or North Atlantic (Western) state。The United States claims to establish a rule -based international system，But this system should be based on the rules of joint negotiations and agreed global negotiations，Based on the rules of the United Nations and its branches suitable for countries，instead of rules based on the unilateral writing of the United States and its allies。Peace should not be achieved by "dominating global"，Instead, it should be based on sincere negotiation and friendly dialogue。In fact，On the one hand，There is a competitive relationship between the big country; on the other hand，The common interests between the great powers are also increasing。

The second concept believes，Countries should move from the world -led world to real global common prosperity。In the words of the United Nations，is "Don't let anyone fall behind"。In terms of Chinese diplomatic concepts，It is the world's heart to accommodate other countries with the world of human destiny，Use the cultural outlook on "combined the world" and "He Datong" to look at the world development and the future direction of human beings。bet365 best casino games This needs to change the way of diplomatic thinking，Establish a common moral norms and international cooperation agencies。From this point of view，The global development initiative proposed in China in the past three years、Global security initiative and global civilization initiative just time，You can with the "Belt and Road" initiative、Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank、BRICS New Development Bank，To promote the coordinated effect of the common prosperity of the world。

I read the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China with great interest，Many of them call on China to take measures to achieve global common prosperity，Including calling for strengthening ecological environmental protection、Adhere to high levels of openness、Maintenance international system with the United Nations as the core。Another，China uses its ancient cultural heritage to help respond to global challenges in the 21st century，and respecting culture、Based on the basis of traditional and wisdom, cooperate with other countries。In my opinion，All these ideas are very constructive。

Today's Times，Human beings are facing climate change、Extreme Poverty、Nuclear offerings、Common global threats such as biological diversity loss，The necessity of cooperation is urgent and important than ever before。The current world has given China a new historic opportunity，and Asia、Africa、Latin America and other third world countries，To build a beautiful peace、New world of common prosperity makes positive contributions。In this new world，always respecting each other between the country、Treat each other，No country exists、Region or Group's dominance。

60 years ago，Former US President John Kennedy delivered a famous peace speech，Call for unity all over the world，Realize peace。This is a wonderful speech，It is still significant today。I really like a few words in Kennedy's speech，And here is a reference as a conclusion: We cannot discriminate against each other without seeing each other，But we should focus on common interests，How to eliminate differences through these common interests，Even if we can't solve these differences now，It can also make the world safe in the name of diverse。Because，In the final analysis，The most basic co -connection of human beings is that we all live on this small planet，We all breathe the same air，We all cherish the future of children，We are all mortals。