Over the past century，bet365 promo codes research mainly develops along two different paths: the European critical school of bet365 promo codes and the American empirical school of bet365 promo codes，The former is based on the Frankfurt School in Germany、Represented by the British Cultural Theory School and others，The latter is represented by what Schramm calls the four founders of American bet365 promo codes studies，Their common purpose is to focus on the impact and consequences of mass bet365 promo codes and the entire modern cultural industry，But it has a different intellectual history background and methodology。

　　Different intellectual bet365 promo codes backgrounds

The European critical school of bet365 promo codes studies pays more attention to the overall social consequences of mass bet365 promo codes and cultural industry，Expose and criticize the oppression and enslavement of ordinary people by the emerging mass media and cultural industry，Calling for the birth of a more ethical and rational mass bet365 promo codes and cultural production system。From the background of intellectual history，The European critical school of bet365 promo codes studies has almost completely inherited Marx’s ideological mantle，In ideological hegemony、Capital possession of monopoly cultural production、Mechanical copy、One-dimensional person、Different critical theoretical systems are constructed under the discourses of cultural exploitation and oppression，The target points directly at the limitations of the capitalist system。Obviously，This theoretical school focuses more on the social consequences of capitalist mass bet365 promo codes and cultural industry，rather than individual consequences，It is essentially a social conflict theory about historical development。

The empirical school of American bet365 promo codes research mainly explores the individual consequences of mass bet365 promo codes on the basis of recognizing the realistic legitimacy of the capitalist system and values，That is, how mass bet365 promo codes information affects and changes personal attitudes、Cognition and Behavior，Hope to predict or even control personal social behavior，Business interests at a specific historical stage in the United States、War interests and national interest services，And achieve effective control over society as a whole。The ideological basis of the American empirical school of bet365 promo codes is mainly pragmatism。Pragmatism is a philosophical school popular in the United States since the late 19th century，It does not abandon the long-standing liberal tradition of the West，But abandoned the theory based on human rationality in European history、Abstract inferences and grand historical narratives about the concept of liberal democracy from metaphysical philosophies such as the theory of historical progress，Turn to utility、efficiency、Quality is the criterion for judging truth，To judge how satisfied various industries, including mass bet365 promo codes, are with the construction of democratic systems。In terms of American bet365 promo codes studies，Formed a tradition with effect research as its core content，Payne Fund Film Research、Mars Invasion Research、Erie County Survey、Yale University Attitude Change Study、Agenda setting research、Knowledge Gap Theory、Spiral Theory of Silence、Research on third-party effects almost always focuses on bet365 promo codes effects，The focus is on how mass bet365 promo codes information affects and changes individual attitudes、Cognition and Behavior，How to design reasonable information for the audience，Achieve effective prediction and control，So as to achieve the specific purpose of the communicator。

　　Critical bet365 promo codes and Rationalism

An examination of the epistemological and methodological foundations of bet365 promo codes studies，It is impossible to escape from the long development process of human epistemology and methodology and the achievements accumulated over thousands of years。Philosophical speculation or metaphysics is the most primitive human being、The most vital epistemological and methodological tradition，The greatest achievement of Western metaphysics is the rationalist trend of thought。The exploration of the world of ideas and essence by ancient Greek philosophers opened up the lasting debate between mind-body monism and dualism，Also opened up Western philosophy about self and existence、Matter and Consciousness、Emotion and rationality、A priori and experience、Thinking about determinism and indeterminism，At the same time, it also started the millennium debate between theism and atheism。Later rationalists then believed that the objective world and the development of human society also have inherent essence and laws，History is a process of continuous evolution and progress，The end of human society is the realization of freedom。Rationalism later accepted and merged with scientism、Theory of Historical Progress、Social evolution theory and many other trends of thought，It has become the most important epistemology and methodology for people to observe and understand the objective world and the development of human society。

Fundamentally speaking，The European Critical School of bet365 promo codes Studies is a theoretical construction based on Western rationalist epistemology and methodology，This critical theory derived directly from Marxism uses historical determinism as the basis of its argument，Believe that social development has its own laws，Capitalism due to its internal conflicts，It will inevitably lead to decline and destruction；I firmly believe that the bourgeoisie, as the ruling class, must rule in the fields of media and culture，Promote ideological hegemony and cultural imperialism；I firmly believe that the bourgeoisie is extracting the surplus value of ordinary industrial workers，This method of exploitation must also be extended to the media and cultural industries，Forcing knowledge labor to reproduce ideology、While tempting the audience to purchase media products and advertisements，Extract the surplus value of these knowledge workers and audiences。

Rationalism as epistemology and methodology，In fact, it is also an adventure of thought，It guides people to understand the world、While understanding social development，We often encounter various difficulties: when it is determined that social development is regular and the final development goal has been set，Human subjective free will is weakened and canceled invisibly；When inferring the staged progress of social development in an abstract and speculative metaphysical way，It is difficult to explain clearly the setbacks and even setbacks that are often encountered in social development；When overemphasis is placed on the decisive role of conflicting factors in social development，In fact, it ignores the realistic possibility of mechanisms such as moral law and free market to balance and suppress social conflicts；When relying too much on abstract speculation to explain social development，Many more vivid and perceptual empirical facts in social development have been ignored。The above weaknesses of rationalist epistemology and methodology，Undoubtedly also projected into many theories of the European critical school of bet365 promo codes，Becoming the main reason for being criticized by the empirical school of bet365 promo codes。

　　Empirical bet365 promo codes and Pragmatism

As the first truly localized philosophical school in the United States，When pragmatism began to appear in the United States in the mid-to-late 19th century，Kant、Hegel has completed the study of experience and reason、Source of knowledge and ideas、Comprehensive research on issues such as epistemology and methodology，Rationalism has been most perfectly expressed by these two thinkers；Darwin’s theory of evolution and Spencer’s theory of bet365 promo codes evolution also emerged；Cultural anthropology’s view that human culture follows the laws of evolution is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people；The foundation for the sociological edifice that advocates empirical research methods has begun；Marx’s grand narrative about the ultimate goal of human society is singing all the way，Unstoppable。

However，In the history of thought，When rationalism flourished，bet365 promo codes is also the time when bet365 promo codes encounters crisis。Paradoxically，Revisers of rationalism，In other words, potential opponents come from within。Since Copernicus、Galileo、Bacon、Since Descartes，Rationalists who prefer empiricism，People have doubted and criticized the metaphysical a priori assertions of ancient Greek philosophers，They tried to reconcile the conflict with the a priori by emphasizing experience，And turn more to science、Surveys and Experiments，Although most of them assert that there is an idea of ​​innateness，Believe that the world exists in some reasonable order。

American pragmatist philosophy opposes the abstract fantasy of rationalism、Concept first、Deductive reasoning、The metaphysical tradition of grand narrative，Opposition to the theory of essence and law，Propose that truth exists in specific bet365 promo codes practices。To achieve prediction and control of human psychology and behavior, scientific research methods must be adopted，Positivist research methods originating from European sociology took advantage of this situation，Becoming a mainstream research method in American bet365 promo codes sciences。The ending of history is always sad，Pragmatist philosophy because it confronts and transforms rationalism，Parting ways with primitive rationalism that focuses on metaphysics in epistemology，But in terms of research methods, it inherits rationalism that emphasizes experience，Transplant the positivist research method。For that matter，Positivist research methods have indeed gained new vitality in the pragmatist philosophy born and raised in the United States。

　　Innovation in bet365 promo codes research methods and its risks

The real opportunity for epistemological and methodological innovation in bet365 promo codes studies is，With computer networks especially social media、Online shopping、The emergence of online payment and other lifestyles，A true information society has arrived，Never in human history has it been like this，Personal information is produced in such explosive quantities、Gather and spread。Big data research methods based on artificial intelligence technology have been able to capture and filter with amazing efficiency and accuracy、Inductively analyze massive amounts of personal information，Thereby potentially putting the public at risk。The full exposure of massive personal information opens up information about personal preferences、Emotion、Attitude、The most real window into the psychological world such as cognition，Using big data research methods, it is easy to obtain the possible psychological motivations of the public、Personality、Consumption habits and even political leanings, etc.，Thus excessive business control、Political control and social control lay the groundwork。

From the perspective of the history of the development of bet365 promo codes，Big data research methods are the inevitable result of the development of empiricism and positivism in bet365 promo codes science，It pursues certainty and accuracy，Irrelevant to ideas and grand narratives，The information induction analysis method is used，The ultimate goal is to achieve psychology、Behavior and Social Control，But this trend shows more，bet365 promo codes research methods and innovations are actually full of risks。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Shaanxi Province Higher Education bet365 promo codes Project "Excellent Media Talent Training Model and Practice" (17BZ039))

　　(The author is a professor at School of Journalism and bet365 promo codes, Northwest University of Political Science and Law、Chang'an Scholar)