Since the 1960s，The sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code develops into an independent discipline in European and American circles。It takes the entire bet365 sign up bonus code world as an object of study，Expanded the content of bet365 sign up bonus code research，Created the sociological paradigm of bet365 sign up bonus code research，Achieved rich research results。Summary of foreign experiences and methods in bet365 sign up bonus code sociology research，It has considerable reference significance for the development of Chinese bet365 sign up bonus code。

　Using sociological methods to explore artistic phenomena

In a broad sense，The sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code covers all research and discussion on the relationship between bet365 sign up bonus code and society。As early as 18、There were discussions on related issues in the 19th century。Rousseau、Schiller、The aesthetic treatises of Hegel and others discuss the relationship between bet365 sign up bonus code and social and historical conditions from a holistic perspective；Tocqueville、Danna、Sociologists such as Comte consciously drew on the methods of empirical philosophy and empirical observation，And apply it in bet365 sign up bonus code research。However，Before World War II，Most social research on bet365 sign up bonus code does not have a clear disciplinary awareness and methodology definition，They belong to bet365 sign up bonus code history、Aesthetics、bet365 sign up bonus code criticism、Different disciplines and fields such as philosophy and sociology。

Since the 1960s，Due to the increasing rationalization of the bet365 sign up bonus code market and the development of phenomena such as the professionalization of artist groups and the institutionalization of bet365 sign up bonus code，More and more sociologists are investing in bet365 sign up bonus code research。In addition, bet365 sign up bonus code practice is gradually becoming more popular，Artistic activities are no longer limited to a few elites，Involving a wide range of groups，This also expands the boundaries of empirical research in the sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code。At the same time，The government’s involvement in the bet365 sign up bonus code world is also increasing，Such as interference in artistic production、Provide social insurance and social benefits for artists and intervene in the bet365 sign up bonus code labor market，It has also greatly increased the demand for sociological research on bet365 sign up bonus code。(Hu Wei: "The Development of Sociology in Post-War France") In this context，The sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code has achieved qualitative breakthroughs in two research points，First, bet365 sign up bonus code is no longer regarded as a purely aesthetic category，The second is that the value of bet365 sign up bonus code is not absolute，These two important breakthroughs are important opportunities for the formation of the discipline of bet365 sign up bonus code sociology。

It was during this period，Formed in the field of sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code with Howard Becker、The American school represented by Richard Peterson and Pierre Bourdieu、The French school represented by Raymond Moulin。(He Qian: "Critique of the Sociology of French bet365 sign up bonus code") on the research object，Scholars of both schools are based on the social attributes of bet365 sign up bonus code，Focus on the characteristics of bet365 sign up bonus code as a general social activity at the production and consumption levels。In research methods，They began to consciously use statistics、Interview、Explore artistic phenomena using sociological methods such as fieldwork。Under specific research，Sociologists emphasize the social embeddedness of bet365 sign up bonus code，Advocates that the essential attributes of bet365 sign up bonus code are socially constructed，bet365 sign up bonus code is rooted in society。In turn, they transformed the problem consciousness into "the bet365 sign up bonus code world as a society"，Or the concept of "bet365 sign up bonus code worlds"，Think that bet365 sign up bonus code mechanisms (such as the bet365 sign up bonus code market、Specialization of the artist industry、Museums) and objects (artworks) and other elements collectively constitute the existence of bet365 sign up bonus code。Most of the scholars of the two schools are sociologists，Their awareness of research objects and research methods，Making bet365 sign up bonus code sociology gradually related to bet365 sign up bonus code history、Cultural History、Literary criticism and aesthetics are separated，Become an independent、Scientific subjects。

As a subject，The primary problem that bet365 sign up bonus code sociology needs to solve is: why “bet365 sign up bonus code” becomes the object of “sociology”？Whether the work of bet365 sign up bonus code contains enough social facts for sociology to analyze？The hidden obstacle behind this problem is bet365 sign up bonus code as an aesthetic activity，Has aesthetic attributes that transcend time and space，Cannot be equated with general material activities，Therefore it cannot be used as an object of sociological research。To this，Bourdieu deconstructs the practice of treating bet365 sign up bonus code as a purely aesthetic object from a historicist perspective，He took the formation of the "literary field" in the French literary world in the mid-19th century as an example，Specifies how pure aesthetics was invented in social space，And social history versus bet365 sign up bonus code、The constructive role of aesthetic taste，Shaken the essentialist artistic view of traditional aesthetics，Paves the way for studying bet365 sign up bonus code from a sociological perspective。

In addition，Becker further discussed in "The bet365 sign up bonus code World"，The aesthetic qualities of works of bet365 sign up bonus code are inherently arbitrary，It relies more on social consensus。Peterson、Gary Fine、David Grazian and other scholars from music、Discussed the authenticity of bet365 sign up bonus code from the perspective of folk bet365 sign up bonus code，Discover that "authenticity" is not inherent in their properties，It is a construction that is unanimously approved by all parties in society。Becker also proposed the concept of "bet365 sign up bonus code world"，Consider bet365 sign up bonus code making as a collective activity，Further clarification of “bet365 sign up bonus code” as the research object of bet365 sign up bonus code sociology。The book "bet365 sign up bonus code World" was translated into French in 1988，It further establishes the research perspective of treating the “bet365 sign up bonus code world” as a whole，It also inspired French academic circles to conduct more detailed discussions on the internal ecology of the bet365 sign up bonus code world。

　Creating a sociological paradigm for bet365 sign up bonus code research

Since the sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code takes the entire bet365 sign up bonus code world as its research object，Sociologist in Producer (Artist)、Three aspects of communication intermediaries (bet365 sign up bonus code institutions and markets) and recipients (the public) have expanded the content of bet365 sign up bonus code research，Created the sociological paradigm of bet365 sign up bonus code research。

First，From the perspective of artistic production，Sociologists no longer regard “artists” as gifted “geniuses”，But based on its social attributes，Focus on the social origins of the artist group、Professional level、Educational background、Economic income、Issues such as ways of making a living。As Bourdieu said，Artists are just actors in certain social roles，Just filling its social position。Same，At Becker's，Artists are "creative workers，Their creation is by no means the result of mysterious forces，It is the product of collaboration among unknown collaborators”，Not only artistic collaborators and editors，There are also critics and many unknown staff。

Becker’s theory of “collective activity” has influenced many American sociologists，Stephen Dubin’s “The Bureaucratization of the Muse: Public Funding and the Cultural Workers” and Judith Adler’s “Artists in the Office: An Ethnography of the Academy bet365 sign up bonus code Scene” are both from the perspective of collective activities Explore the artist’s activities。Robert Faulkner's "The Music Market: Composers and Their Careers in the Hollywood Film Industry" analyzes the social networks and careers of film composers。Engraved in Memory: The Creation and Persistence of Artistic Reputation by the Longs (Gladys Engel Long and Kurt Long) demonstrates that an artist’s reputation is also a social construct。Moulin conducted research on French artist groups in the 1980s，Editor in chief of the book "Artists: Theory of Social Formation"，Surveyed a large number of professional bet365 sign up bonus code publications，Exploring the degree of professionalism of artists。Afterwards，With a series of works, Menger clarified the relationship between the conditions for artists’ professionalization and the structure of the job market，His latest book "Creator's Work: Self-Realization in Uncertainty" takes "uncertainty" as the axis，Integrating economics and sociology perspectives，Arts industry actions discussed、Social interaction and its economic implications。The new generation of young scholars has also conducted more precise research on the living conditions of artists。

Secondly，From the perspective of bet365 sign up bonus code circulation，bet365 sign up bonus code works must go through circulation from production to reception before they can enter the public eye。Circulation field as an "intermediary"，Including bet365 sign up bonus code mechanism (market、Institutional and Cultural Policy)、Social and cultural environment、bet365 sign up bonus code collection, etc.，This is also an important part of the sociological investigation of bet365 sign up bonus code。Through the study of these intermediary mechanisms，It enables us to grasp the various restrictions on the circulation of works of bet365 sign up bonus code，and the material and symbolic impact of the work on different actors。

Moulin's "The Painting Market in France" specifically examines the relationship between artists and bet365 sign up bonus code mechanisms，Include artist、Ordering party、bet365 sign up bonus code Museum、Gallery、How actors including collectors have affected bet365 sign up bonus code competition，How to shape the consensus among various mechanisms。In addition，George Dolby、Christopher Schaller pays more attention to the complexity of the social and cultural environment。In Cultural Policy、Cultural system research，There is "bet365 sign up bonus code and Mechanisms of the French Revolution to the Present" by Gerard Monnier。Dominic Pro summarizes the emergence and development of bet365 sign up bonus code museums，The representative work is "Museum、Ethnicity and Cultural Heritage》。Philippe Urfalino studies public policy in the field of French contemporary bet365 sign up bonus code，The Invention of Cultural Policy was published in 2004。The representative of the United States in the study of bet365 sign up bonus code institutions is "Canvas and Career: Mechanism Transformation in the French Painting World" by the Whites，This book explores the relationship between the rise of French Impressionism and the market。

AGAIN，In the stage of bet365 sign up bonus code consumption，Sociologists tend to view audience as a social category，Explore the different interests and tastes of various audiences。They believe that the interests of their audience are not entirely personal preferences or pastimes，It is a social construction，The differences and types of tastes among individuals are directly related to the social class to which they belong，And reflects a certain regularity。

Bourdieu's "Distinction: A Social Critique of Judgment" first explores the social generation of taste，Believe that various artistic tastes represent the symbolic capital of different class fields，The ranking of people among various forms of capital、Amount of capital held，And the career mode of this class, etc.，Determines their specific aesthetic preferences。In terms of literary reception，Josiah explores the sociology of reading。His judgment ability in reading behavior in "Interpreting Reading"、Judgment patterns and reading strategies were studied。In addition，Also in this field is Roger Chartier's "Reading and Readers in the French Ancien Régime"、Important monographs such as "The History of Reading" by Gerald Mogel and others。American scholars are more focused on studying “interesting” issues。Linais described in "Fun Making" that the changes in taste in American society show certain regularities，That is, people with high taste and low taste will unite to fight against middle class taste。Other studies involving audience taste include Herbert Gans’s classification of American audience tastes in “Popular Culture and High Culture”，David Haller's "Culture Inside: bet365 sign up bonus code and Class in the American Home" is a study of bet365 sign up bonus code in New York homes，and Peterson’s many articles on musical interest。

After a brief overview of the context of sociological research on bet365 sign up bonus code，It’s not difficult for us to see，Sociologists often re-examine artists from the perspective of social construction、Artwork、Issues such as the audience and the attributes of bet365 sign up bonus code itself，And achieved considerable research results。However，These studies strictly follow the objective research stance of sociology，Often obliterate the issues of aesthetic attributes and value attributes such as "the particularity of bet365 sign up bonus code", "meaning and value"。In this regard，Wendy Griswood advocates the inclusion of research in the humanities。Vera Zolberg also called on humanities scholars and social scholars to learn from each other，On the premise of confirming the uniqueness of the bet365 sign up bonus code object，Use your sociological imagination。Heinrich also proposed that the future sociology of bet365 sign up bonus code should be compatible with the "value" and "normativity" of bet365 sign up bonus code，That is, looking at bet365 sign up bonus code’s need for value attributes from the perspective of pragmatism，Observe the functions of these values ​​from a normative perspective。

Combined with China’s academic context，The author thinks，The most valuable aspect of bet365 sign up bonus code sociology research to the Chinese bet365 sign up bonus code academic community is its "reflexivity"，That is, it is not a simple theoretical application，It is not a rigid theoretical model，Instead, it relies on sociological research on local bet365 sign up bonus code cases，And conduct multi-angle research on Chinese bet365 sign up bonus code on this basis。This requires us to conduct more systematic sociological research on Chinese bet365 sign up bonus code，Including professional training for Chinese artists、bet365 sign up bonus code Mechanism、bet365 sign up bonus code Market、Museum、Specific experience in collection and other fields。The richer these specific research results are，Only then can we become more aware of the operating model of the Chinese bet365 sign up bonus code system and its institutions，Then analyze the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western bet365 sign up bonus code mechanisms。

　(This article is a phased result of the basic ability improvement project for young and middle-aged teachers in Guangxi universities “Baxendall Visual Culture Research” (2018KY0062)

(Author’s unit: School of Liberal Arts/School of Journalism and Communication, Guangxi Normal University)