Thomas Qippeida is a well -known European furniture designer in the 18th century，He opened the era of the name of designer names as a furniture。The furniture design book "Gentleman and Furniture Manufacturer Guide" published in 1754 (The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker ’s Director，The following referred to as "Guide")，Let the 18th -century world blow up the trend of "Qipperter -style furniture"。Qippeidal is in the European Chinese style period，His furniture design absorbs a large number of Chinese elements，The most significant and beautiful element is the Chinese style based on window pupae。The sources of the grid material used in the design of Qippeidal design are relatively wide，Window in ancient Chinese architecture windows，And the winding lintel under the building corridor、Bad。Types of the two are called Lattice-Work and Fret-Work in English literature，Lattice-work The original meaning is the transparent grid composed of lines in the building，More emphasis on a continuous mesh structure in a plane，Fret-work Origin，Frames of the Greek ceramic bottle pattern，or the decorative part of the decorative part of the middle of the ancient wind building in the evening column of the ancient wind building，More emphasis on the continuous decoration band formed by the lines and patterns formed by lines。But because Fret-Work emphasizes patterns and decorative properties，Some researchers also refer to the single or four-party fine wooden grid of the plane as Fret-work。Oliver Yinpe said in chinoiserie，"We regard Fret-Work as one of Chinese decorative elements directly used in Europe"。

　　Sorting the spread of Chinese style in the British design industry，1749，Joseph Gupi (1689-1769) bet365 live casino games The earliest Chinese -style grid was applied on the Confucius House designed by Qiuyuan。1750 years，New Designs of Chinese Temples of William Hardpanni printed the first Chinese style decoration。1751，Qi Perey's friend Matthew Dali (1741-1778) in A New Book of Chinses, GOTHIC and Modern Chairs on the first chair using a Chinese -style grid，This is the first time Chinese -style Gegge has used on the furniture。And the appearance of Qippeidal provides more possibilities for the application of Chinese -style 棂，and pushed it to a wider market。

　　Taking "Guide" as a clue，The places where the Chinese -style grids designed by Qippeider are: chair back and handrails of chairs、Cabinet door of the cabinet、Decorative belt under the eaves of the wooden cabinet、The edge of the breakfast table and the tray and the courtyard fence。Compared with other carving decorations，Chinese -style 棂 is also a form of carving，But the characteristics of linear composition，Still maintaining the beauty of graphic art。

　　

　　Application of several lattice -patterns in the combination

　　

　　The shape of the back of the chair naturally divides a complete border with decorative surface，Give a lot of room for designer。Typical structure of the back of the Chinese chair in Qippeidal (Figure 2、3、4) Usually from the back frame of the chair、Decorative internal contour and center divergent point composition。Frame is part of the chair structure，Count more than the width of the bar，It plays a supporting role。The decoration on the outer frame is very little，Occasionally decoration will also give priority to the function of the chair structure and support。There is a circle of decorative outlines from the back of the chair back within the frame，It is flexible and changing according to the direction of the frame，Divide a circle of own decorative bands，On the one hand, bet365 Play online games it plays a relaxing effect between the rigid frame and the smart center，On the other hand, it seems to be a "picture frame"，Further tighten the vision of the back of the chair。The pattern adopted by this structure has an octagonal brocade (octagonal view)、octagonal set and Sihe disk。The center of the back of the chair back is often a clear dot -dot pattern，Rulin pattern、Wind car pattern、diamond pattern、Fang Sheng pattern，It will be unified by the lines from all directions，connect with the surrounding decorative belt，Launch the tension that it absorbs itself to the Quartet，Control the balance of the entire decorative surface。In addition to the above typical composition，There are two two points of irregular frames in the "Guide"、Chinese chair back of the three -seated decorative surface (Figure 1)，The common point of their composition is that every decoration area has its own clear center。

　　After selecting the appropriate pattern arrangement to the above structure，The combination between the pattern is also the place where the talent can do。Taking Figure 1 as an example，The two centers in the back of the chair are a combination of a thousand -character pattern and windmill pattern。The traditional 10 -character pattern is extended to the surroundings with two main lines that are staggered by 卍，The four -way continuous pattern connected to the main line of 10,000 characters，or two main lines of the two -party continuous patterns with two main lines。Wind car pattern is a pattern formed by several rectangular (negative) around a fixed center rotation。Figure 1、2、The central point decoration of the chair is composed of similar "卍 characters+wind car pattern" form。In order to better play the buffer effect of the decorative outline，Qippeider will also change the pattern Bet365 app download adopted by the decorative outline，The octagonal kit of Figure 3 adds the square grid。Hollow carving of components such as chair legs and other components often uses various fancy combinations to tattoos in a fancy combination。

　　"Guide" gave a three -page design draft named "Chinese Chair" (Chinese chair)，Reference for the above pattern、After absorption and application，Qippeidal's grasp of these patterns of these patterns is getting lighter and lighter.。The Chinese -style grid applied in Figure 4 of Figure 4 Although the basic pattern of the previous design has been used，But its combination form is getting more and more complicated，Bold innovation。There is no longer a pattern that appears in the original form，The designer keenly looking for the possibility of mutual fit between different patterns，All patterns are renovated and arranged in the right position。

　　

　　Si -square continuous application with checkered plaid

　　

　　Bookcase door equipped with glass is another place suitable for applying Chinese style，In the design description of the Guide，Qippeider said: "All these bookcases are designed for glass doors。"Europe in the 17th century has invented a large transparent flat glass，Chinese style 棂 strong permeability，Decorative slim but not boring，It is an excellent fixed material and decoration of the door and window glass。Like the back of the chair，The decorative surface of the cabinet door is flat and open，Creative space，But compared with the "dense" decorated with the back of the chair，The Chinese style of the bookcase door "sparse" a lot，The characteristics of the two are determined by their own functional needs。The sparse grid cannot meet the needs of the back of the chair back to the back，Trending 棂 will affect the display effect of bookcase glass。So，Multiple pattern combinations bet365 best casino games carefully designed by the designer on the chair did not appear on the door of the bookcase，Only the grid composed of a single -patterned square continuous form is adopted。octagonal set、Fang Sheng and Octagonal Scenes leave white、The pattern of the decorative outline of the chair back has exerted its own advantage here。Chinese -style Laoge's arrangement on the door of the Qippeid Book Cabinet，It completes the vertical arrangement of two left and right pattern elements on each vertical rectangular cabinet door，Coupled the horizontal gates of the door of the cupboard，This method has retained the integrity of the decoration on the single door (Figure 5-6)。

　　

 

　　Belt -like application

　　

　　The West has been using linear geometric patterns since ancient times.，Qippeider absorbed the nutrients of Chinese style，Immediately put this inspiration into the Western tradition，Created a group of popular decorative patterns at the time。

　　First，These patterns are directly restored to the part of the furniture imitation Chinese architecture corresponding to the building sitting on the stool (Figure 7)。Imitation of Chinese architecture is another major theme of Qippeider's furniture，楣 子 itself is the source of the Chinese style lattice material，It can be said that it is taken to linked and used for lintel。But the application of Chinese style in Chinese architectural furniture is not a simple reciprocity of Chinese architecture or a stool，It realizes the division of the cabinet function area on the one hand，On the other hand, I also use my own identity to complete the endorsement of furniture named "Chinese"。The second is to apply to the belt functional parts to be decorated，As a furniture designer，Qippeider is keenly found that the Chinese -style grid that can extend infinitely horizontally can replace the long strips designed according to the size Bet365 lotto review of the decorative area，For example, the edge of the tray (Figure 8) and the desktop fence of the breakfast table。The third is furniture imitation building conforms to the tradition of FRET on the pillars on the pillar (Figure 9)，Squiring the two -way Chinese -style Chinese style replace the ancient Greek's traditional patterns，Surrounded by the eaves around the cabinet。This kind of misappropriation is because there are corresponding objects in Western traditions，It is the most noticed in the West and the easiest to be kept in decorative habits。

　　In addition to using on furniture，Among the 160 illustrations in the book，Qippeidal used a full 11 page content to provide a simple Chinese -style two -party continuous design drawing (Figure 10)，This is the only design element in this book that is separated from the furniture。

　　Chinese window tattoos, whether it is doing a combination design、The Quartet has strong flexibility when continuous or the second parties continues，Geometric patterns also allow the pattern to be free to enlarge or reduce it to use。Freedom and continuous patterns are combined by combination，Let the window puppet pattern have a lot of room for play in dense control。These traits of window puppets make it easy to integrate into the space that needs to be decorated (Figure 11-12)。It is worth noting that it is，In the design of the cabinet on the cabinet with Chinese -style 棂，The word "China" or "Chinese style" has never been mentioned in the design description。Chinese -style 棂 is not only used in the design of Chinese furniture，There are also appearing in the design drawings named "Gothic" and "Lococo"。We can see，Chinese -style Gege is no longer regarded as an exotic style of hunting，Just as Qi Peier misappropriated it on the fart of imitation building furniture，It is being gradually accepted bet365 best casino games by Europe and absorbed into its own decoration system。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation's major project "Research on the Influence of Chinese Aesthetic Culture on Modern West" (17zda016) in the Phaood of Chinese Aesthetic Culture (17zda016)

　　(Author Unit: Fudan University Literature and Aesthetic Research Center)