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June 3，Simon Johnson, a professor of entrepreneurial research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was invited to visit the Institute of Economic Policy Institute，introduced the research results of American scientific and technological innovation capabilities and innovation policies with Jonathan Gruber, a professor of economics at MIT。They analyzed and summarized the successful experience of scientific and technological breakthroughs in history，and put forward relevant suggestions。

　　Strong scientific and investment limitations of private sector

According to Johnson and Gruber's research，Since the mid -1960s，Out of the environment、Military、​​concerns in scientific ethics，Affected by short -sighted budget thinking，The US government has begun to reduce scientific research funds; economic difficulties in the 1970s、The Reagan Reform in the 1980s and the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession have further squeezed public scientific research investment space。According to the National Science Foundation (NSF) statistics，1964-2015 Federal scientific research funds in the GDP in the United States accounted for from 1.86%to bet365 best casino games 0.67%。Although the private sector will also invest in scientific research innovation，But it cannot completely replace government funding，Because the private sector is more concerned about whether the return on investment can cover the risk、How to use relevant regulations to prevent their scientific research results from being profitable by competitors，instead of increasing the effect of positive and externality。other，Private department innovation is subject to financing situation，It takes a long time to obtain a capital -intensive project with major technical breakthroughs.。

Johnson talks，There seems to be a "innovative myth" in the United States: someone has a new idea with great potential and relying on its firm will and hard work to turn it into reality，Later，Consumers get satisfactory products and services，Entrepreneurs and investors get rich returns，What the government can do in the process is not intervention、Not hinder。"Innovation Myth" does have its reality source，Far as Edison，Near Jobs，Their stories show that the combination of Tiancai's personal and private sector funds can produce amazing results and bring far -reaching influence on the society。But，Some key facts have been ignored。First，The foundation of innovation of private sector is often research on government investment，Personal computer、Internet、Global Positioning System bet365 best casino games and other highly popular scientific and technological inventions today and the development of many drugs were initially carried out with government funding; followed by，Sometimes the results of innovation are widely shared，Commercial developers earn huge profits，The inventor himself has a small income; finally，Because private investment institutions do not want to bear too much risk，Many new discoveries、New ideas have no chance to be commercialized，The country may miss the opportunity of a science and technology breakthrough。

In order to ensure that it can get maximized benefits，Private institutions often try to avoid sharing scientific research results for individuals and institutions that have not participated in investment，They will not even inform others of the specific information of their own research and development failure or specific effects of the product。This often leads to a number of repeated research in related fields，Causes waste of resources，It may also delay the results of results，Makes people unable to benefit from it as soon as possible。

　　Scientific and technological innovation income should benefit the whole people

From Johnson's view，The US private sector is keen to invest in new products research and development rather than basic research，But improving economic performance、Improvement of national income is inseparable from basic research results。The United bet365 live casino games States has many world -renowned universities and a business environment with a strong willingness to invest in risk investment，With better innovative conditions，What you need now is to strengthen the cooperation between the public and private sector，Upgrade innovation system，Following the scientific theory with technical transformation possibilities。Promote the scientific education of the whole people at the same time，Cultivate and hire more technical talents with higher education。but but，In the process of promoting economic growth with scientific and technological innovation, you need to pay special attention to the following two points。

First，Avoid high -tech industries and posts excessively gathered in a few "star cities"。There are many urban costs in the United States low、Have high -quality universities and a large number of technical workers，Conditions for becoming a new technology center，But due to insufficient technology infrastructure、Lack of venture capital required to create profitable companies has been backward in the economic development in recent years。The U.S. Federal Government can use the tender screening mechanism when the new technology center of the key development is developed，But the target should be based on the interests of maximizing the country rather than individual institutions or individuals，Focus on the educational Bet365 lotto review and research infrastructure of the city to be selected、sustainable development plan、Public and private partnerships, etc.。

Second，Increasing innovation income in a more direct way。For a long time，Only a few investors who are capable of participating in early R & D have received huge returns from scientific research activities funded by the US government，Coupled with the decrease in capital gains tax，Wealth is increasingly concentrated in the hands of capital owners rather than Guangda workers，Makes ordinary people feel that they have benefited very little from the government's research investment。Local governments in the United States should help local residents start sharing innovative dividends from the upstream，For example, buy a large area of ​​land inside or around the science and technology park，With the appreciation of land prices, rents and other costs are increased and profits are directly distributed in the form of cash dividends to the public。

Johnson said in an interview with this reporter，Except funds、Infrastructure、Support and other support in education and scientific research systems，A sufficient high -quality human capital is also an integral part of scientific and technological innovation。One of the key factors of becoming a strong technology power is the willingness and ability to attract and retain high -level talents from all over the world，In recent years, the US government's tightening immigration policy has bet365 live casino games adversely affecting scientific and technological innovation and overall economic development。From the perspective of American history，Migration policies are often less friendly when the economic downturn，But whether the official figure is in good economic situation is not consistent with the public feelings。Currently Americans are in a period of high economic anxiety，Many people are worried about their own financial and career prospects，Including worrying about foreign immigrants to seize the opportunity and resources of their own people，This kind of public emotions affect the formulation of immigration policy。Johnson said，He supports an open immigration policy，But the reality is，When the national economy can provide more opportunities for people with different levels of education and skill levels，The public will have a more inclusive attitude towards foreign immigrants。Therefore，Adjusting innovation policy，It is very important to promote technological innovation and economic development。