November 4, 2020，The first French translation of "Introduction to the Analects of Confucius" is officially in the collection app bet365 download National Library of China。The book was a national gift presented by French President Macron when he met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Nice on March 24, 2019，It is also the first complete manuscript of a foreign language work from the European Enlightenment Era collected by the National Library。The translator of "Introduction to the Analects of Confucius" is a French doctor、Philosopher、Explorer François Bernier (Franois Bernier），Only two copies of this manuscript survive，Previously stored app bet365 download Library of Atesenal, France。A copy is now app bet365 download Library of China，Another copy is app bet365 download Museum of Asian Art in Guimet, France。

　　The app bet365 download forms have different emphases

"The Analects" as a classic work of our country's traditional culture，It was introduced to Europe as early as the 17th century。1687，The first Latin text of "Chinese Philosopher app bet365 download" was published in Paris, France，By the Jesuit Philippe Couplet、Christian Herdtrich、Prospero Intorcetta、Franois de Rougemont) compiled on the basis of translations by Jesuits over the past hundred years。The publication of this book caused a strong response in Europe，Later, adaptations or abridged versions in other languages ​​were published based on this version，The earliest among them is "The Moral Proverbs app bet365 download Chinese Philosopher Confucius" by Louis Cousin, an academician app bet365 download French Academy、"Letters on the Morality of Confucius" by the French missionary Simon Foucher and the English translation "The Morality app bet365 download Chinese Philosopher Confucius" published in London。In fact, before these works were published，Bernier had completed the French translation of "The Chinese Philosopher Confucius" in 1687, "Introduction to the Analects of Confucius"，The full name is "Confucius or the Way app bet365 download King"，Including the unique moral principles app bet365 download political rule of ancient Chinese emperors and officials》。But unfortunately，Bernier died of a stroke in the same year，The publication work of this translation was put on hold。

Compare these four works，You can tell the difference between them just from the title app bet365 download book。Compare with the original Latin title "Chinese Philosopher Confucius"，Fouche's "Letters on the Morality of Confucius" and the English translation of "The Morality app bet365 download Chinese Philosopher Confucius"、Cushing's "Moral Proverbs of Chinese Philosopher Confucius" emphasizes the influence of Confucius on the moral level，At the same time, the latter two also retain the aspect of Confucius as a philosopher in the Latin text。And Bernier's "Confucius or the Way app bet365 download King"，Including the unique moral principles app bet365 download political rule of ancient Chinese emperors and officials" completely changed the positioning of Confucius，The emphasis is on the scientific nature of Confucius’ thought and its role in national politics。In Bernier’s writing，Confucius has become a symbol and model representing rationality and scientific politics。Judging from the content，Introduction to "Chinese Philosopher Confucius"、The Latin translation app bet365 download three parts of "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine app bet365 download Mean" and "The Analects of Confucius" and some appendices。Cousin’s book is not exactly a re-translation app bet365 download Latin text，Just a comment，Use Catholic theory to explain Confucius’ doctrine and Confucius。Fouche’s book is shorter，There are only 29 pages in the book，Including the preface and translation of some excerpts from "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine app bet365 download Mean" and "The Analects of Confucius" and the afterword。The English translation is a complete translation of Fouché’s French translation。And Bernier's French translation includes an introduction written by the translator "For the Reader" and the full French translation of "University", "The Doctrine app bet365 download Mean" and "The Analects"，It is the most complete content among these translation works、The most informative one。

　　"Introduction to the app bet365 download" focuses on Confucianism itself

The translator’s naming app bet365 download translated work can reflect the translator’s original intention for translation。"Chinese Philosopher Confucius" is a work by Jesuits in China to defend the "adaptation policy" adopted in the liturgy controversy。As a philosopher, Bernier admired the atomic theory of Epicurus in ancient Greece，To a certain extent, he is a materialist。Some scholars believe that Bernier hoped to serve the king，But living abroad for nearly ten years has made him out of touch with the French politics and society at that time。The failure in his official career made him only imagine that he could assist the king on a spiritual level。So his purpose in translating "Introduction to the Analects" was to use Chinese wisdom to cultivate the political wisdom and morality of young European kings。As he confessed in the preface: "Because I sincerely love my king and my motherland，So I thought these great men might be guides and role models for our young monarchs。Unfortunately，Our monarchs are in a state of arrogance、Arrogant、Grown up in a critical education style，This approach is very common and very harmful。Opposite，Great men with these morals can inspire their love、Gentle、Noble、Simple、Kindness and good deeds，And it will not alienate them from their inherent majesty and nobility。These will one day bring great benefit to the interests app bet365 download country and the honor of their followers，And these believers will definitely be respected by everyone、Praise and love。”

Different translation purposes also lead to large differences in the structure and content of different translations。First，Bernier reorganized the contents app bet365 download Latin text "University" and "The Doctrine app bet365 download Mean"，To make the article more fluent，And the translation of "The Analects"，Basically adopt a linear method。In the translation of "The Analects"，Bernier retained the dialogue method，But change most app bet365 download direct quotations into indirect quotations。The narrative is sometimes from the translator’s perspective，Sometimes from the perspective of an implied character，Thus forming a polyphonic effect to a certain extent。He used the mottoes of Chinese sages to reveal the problems of French society，Arouse people’s awareness of benevolent governance、Ruling the country with etiquette and law、Thoughts on issues such as governing the country with rituals and music。

Secondly，Bernier deleted a large number of footnotes from the Latin text in the French translation。"Chinese Philosopher Confucius" is based on Zhang Juzheng's "Direct Interpretation app bet365 download Four Books"，Also supplemented by Zhu Xi's "Collected Commentary on Chapters and Sentences app bet365 download Four Books"，Because the Jesuits believe that the former is more in line with pre-Qin Confucian thought。In the process of translation，The Jesuits not only preserved the annotations of these Chinese scholars，Also added a large number of interpretations written by me based on the "Book of Books", "The Book of Songs" and other classics，So that Western readers can better understand the harmony and unity of Confucianism and Christian spirit，More support for the “adaptation policy” adopted by the Jesuits。These two types of annotations are presented in regular font and italics respectively，To show the difference。And Bernier retained only those entries which he considered indispensable for understanding，There is no distinction between regular font and italic font，The purpose is to make readers focus more on Confucianism itself，Focus on the spiritual food that the princes and nobles of France can draw from。

In the Sinological works with missionaries as the main creative subjects in the 17th century，Bernier’s translation has strong innovative significance，Because it starts from a secular perspective，For the first time, Confucianism is linked to the idea of ​​stabilizing national politics。Introduction to the Analects of app bet365 download was first published in Paris in 2015 by Felin Publishing House，Sylvie Taussig, a researcher at the French National Academy of Sciences, wrote the introduction，Added necessary comments to the translation，Thierry Meynard, Professor of Philosophy Department of Sun Yat-sen University, wrote a review，Thus giving the world more opportunities to understand this translation。End of 2020，The manuscript of "Introduction to the Analects of app bet365 download" is collected by the National Library of China，This translation has been circulating for three hundred years，Finally arrived at the country it originally wanted to explore and discover。This rare treasure witnesses the long history of cultural exchange between China and France，Shows the mutual enlightenment and common development of different civilizations。

　　(Author’s Affiliation: School of Foreign Languages, Nankai app bet365 download)