Bet365 lotto review

Humanities during the Renaissance Research By studying classical works，Develop humanism，Get rid of the religious restraint of the Middle Ages。This is the same in drawing，Figures starting with classical doctrine，Find a new way to build the whole picture of the world。Drawingists use classical geography theory，Crodis Ptolemy (about 90-168) "Rebirth"，Understanding that the map needs to be based on the measurement between astronomical phenomena and the earth，Plan the passage in order、latitude grid，Calculating space coordinates，Coupled with the map projection method，Integration presents the world of a sphere。"Geography" teaches the principle of drawing in a scientific way，Become an important foundation for the development of the chart during the Renaissance。

　Draw a map based on "Geography"

When Ptolemy's "Geography" was reproduced after Europe during the Renaissance，It is closely related to the development of drawing。When "Geography" is reproducible to Florence，Humanities in the city compete for crossing，Soon "Geography" completed the first Latin translation by Jayco Anpre in 1406。But the drawing content of "Geography" is quite complicated，European scholars cannot immediately apply their theory to make maps immediately。So，early 15th century，The study of "Geography" belongs to the preliminary stage，Humanities or intellectuals studies "Geography"，Just the description of the Bet365 lotto review classical world in the book、Explanation of the geographical environment，or the ancient place name in the book。Humanities also compare it with other classical literature，Observe the difference between the two when the two discuss the world。Ptolemy "Geography" not only has academic value，and "Geography" manuscripts are rare and expensive，Each scholar wants to get a copy of a copy，Even some kings、Noble、Wealthy merchants also want to collect a "Geography" in private libraries to enhance their learning and aesthetics，indirectly made Ptolemy's "Geography" gradually spread from Florence to Europe outside Italy，thus expanded the circulation and reputation of Geography，Make "Geography" attracts the attention of European scholars。

The importance of Ptolemy's "Geography" lies in its teaching in drawing maps，When it is reproduced in Europe，European intellectuals，or the drawer constantly tried to remake the map in Ptolemy's way。In 1427 French Cardinal Bishop Gioum Fellerst's Nordic Poles -style map，is an important milestone，This move is an area that has never been recorded in the new "Geography"。Since "Geography" is no longer in line with the geographical knowledge of the current 15th century，Therefore, many drawers are revised and added to the area map in "Geography"，Make the map records approaching "modernization"。"Geographical" "modernization" project，Not only updating the area map，or correct the old place name，It will also rebuild the projection method of the map，Make the map the correct proportion，and the actual sphere coordinate setting。Germanic drawer Nicholas，The Um Bet365 lotto review version edited by Ptolemy "Geography" edited in 1482 is this，He not only updates the area map，Also designed a new map projection method to draw area maps and world maps，This Um version of "Geography" also shows the research results of Ptolemy theory in the late 15th century.。

However, the charter also gradually discovered the geographical record of "Geography"，Many parts do not meet the actual geographical situation。In the world map of Ptolemy，Africa has only half of today's area，and the Indian Ocean is a closed container，The geographical range known to Ptolemy is only Europe in the northern hemisphere、Asia、African area。In the mid -15th century，Venetian Drawer Fla Molo criticized Ptolemy's theoretical outdated，No actual geography。Especially in the 15th century、Late Africa ’s navigation exploration and 1492 Columbus discovered the Americas in the Atlantic Ocean。The new exploration of these navigation broke the limited world in Ptolemy's "Geography"，Figures recognized that the world is wider than the world.。

　　Update and development of the drawing method

late 15th century to early 16th century，The navigator opened a new geographical vision，Da Gama enters the Indian Ocean from the southern end of Africa，and arrive in India。Laurel of Columbus Four times，Open the exploration of the new continent of the Western Hemisphere。These new geographical discoveries，Make the drawer constantly update the corresponding drawing method。16th -century drawers show the results of the theoretical research on Ptolemy，They modify the original Ptolemy map projection method，Draw a map that Bet365 app download matches the world proportion。

Martin Waldzimeller is the most representative drawer in this period，He drawn the world map in 1507，It has also become one of the important successors of the Ptolemy map theory。Valdzimeller explores the letter set of the New World four times by the navigator Ameigo Vesipki，Knowing that the world should be divided into four states，"America" ​​(American "(American" is also born，Valdzimeller determined that the name came from the first discovery of this continental explorer, Ameigo Vespcc。But Waldzimeller may be recognized to，The map drawn in 1507 is too bold，or "America", a work partner from him, Masayas Linkman's idea。In short，In subsequent drawing maps，Valdzimeller has given up using the "America" ​​and Vesipkic's navigation records。In Ptolemy "Geography" edited by Strasbourg in 1513，I will no longer be called the new continent as "America"，This area is based on the description of Columbus，It is regarded as an extension of Asia。

"Carta Marina" in 1516 is the last map drawn by Valdzimeller，The name of "America" ​​also abandons the name of "America"，I no longer use Ptolemy's type of making map，Instead of using the traditional navigation graphics drawing。Because Waldzimelle believes that the new map should meet the times，Based on the navigation map mode，Based on modern overseas travel notes。

　　Map drawing and knowledge cognition

Valdzimeller's idea of ​​1507 can be said to be correct，The Americas are indeed a continent independent of the three continents，But he will overthrow his concept in the future。"America" ​​is Waldzimeller's results Bet365 app download when writing "Introduction to Cosmic" or drawing a map，We can't know，But this result has a huge impact on the future。

Although the map drawn by Waldsmille has some unsolved mystery，However, from the image of the map, it can be observed that Europeans' cognition and understanding of new knowledge at that time。Take Columbus and Vespcc as an example，Both of them are the navigators of the New World in the Atlantic Ocean，But the records of the two show great differences。Columbus believes that "new world" is an extension of Asia，What you see here can be explained through classical works or the Bible。Vespcc is the opposite，He firmly believes that the area where his navigation arrives，is a region that the ancients have never recorded，The species above are things that are not recorded in ancient books。The navigation letter of the two affects the drawers of each referenced。So early 16th century，The new continent is an independent block on the map，or two explanations in the Asian region。Waldzimeller's map in front of the map、The latter two have involved。On the map of 1507，Valdzimeller drawn a small image drawn at the top of the map，Mark the new、Representatives of the Old World，The former is Ameigo Vispki，The latter is Ptolemy，Represents the source of the map，Based on classical，plus the navigator of the new era。By 1516，Valdzimeller regards the New World as the Asian region，eliminated classical elements in the map，The latest exotic knowledge was recorded in the map，If India and the Western Hemisphere have Europeans' footprints。From the change of the Valdzemille Map, it can be observed，Figures learn bet365 best casino games from classical knowledge，In new、Swing up between old knowledge，and then gradually transformed from old knowledge to another new knowledge。

Although the Europeans' explanation of the geographical geography of the New World in the early 16th century, Europeans still have a lot of questions，But the first time they landed on the Americas，I have already been in contact with the Aboriginal people in the Americas，Both Columbus and Vispcci have experience in the books written in the United States。But the content depicted in the book is biased，I brought wrong understanding to future generations，Maps drawn according to these contents also virtually reinforced misunderstandings。

In short，Map development during the Renaissance involves multiple disciplines，Among them, including humanities、Astronomy、Mathematics, etc.。other，Artist is also an important role in promoting map development。In terms of technology，The emergence of printing，Drive the rapid spread of knowledge，Edit and Publishing of Ptolemy "Geography"，Is an example。The map also benefits from the emergence of printing，Speed ​​up the speed of communication，Make it no longer expensive artwork，Become an approachable knowledge tool。Although the map distance at that time accurate measurement and scriptures、Weising coordinate positioning，There is still a long distance，But the Renaissance provides an important foundation for the development of the early modern drawing of Europe，Make it focused on this world，Used to measure and position the actual geographical space。Figures also gradually recognize that the map is a science，Need to continue Bet365 app download to move forward、Improved，can the map projection of the map out of the real appearance of the current world。

(This article is the Study Research on Chinese Image History (20AZD134) in the State Social Science Foundation of China (20AZD134)

(Author Unit: College of Foreign Languages ​​of Changshu Institute of Technology)