In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the starting stage of conscious and systematic Chinese characters simplified，Although the simplified work of Chinese characters during this period is not comprehensive、Not in -depth、Not thorough，But it has been reduced from time to time in social life since the Tang and Song dynasties、Vulgar Writing Fita，After the establishment of New China, the system simplifies the middle stage。but but，At that time, the scholars did not focus on the existing reduction shapes in Chinese characters at the beginning，It is not a natural and systematic simplified solution and the implementation method for them to adopt them。Take a comprehensive，The simplified development of Chinese characters in this period is based on continuous exploration and development.，and show the following features。

　　Bet365 app download

We can describe the advancement process of Chinese characters during this period as "spiral rising"，That is, the scholar at that time with "dialectical" thinking，In the mode of continuous "attempt -negation -re -attempt", it has been explorated for more than half a century，Gradually established "Promoting Simplified Words，Available to Pinyin's Chinese characters' collation concept。

This promotion mode can be roughly divided into three stages.

One，Following Chinese characters and changes to the context text。For the problem of solving the difficulty of glyph，The first letters -style pinyin scheme created by the Chinese people in 1892 Published at a glance，until 1910，There are 28 kinds of pinyin schemes proposed throughout the country。1908，"Use the Simplified Character" began to reflect on the road of "simplicity"，Chinese characters that think of social communication can be finished in one and a half years，and there Bet365 app download are cursive characters since the Tang Dynasty。other，In 1909, Lu Fei pointed out in "Popular Education Positive Education"，Chinese characters are difficult、Not easy to implement，And think that the "brief word" created by the people is too much different from the old text，Therefore, he advocates promoting vulgar characters。until 1918，Qian Xuan Tong explicitly opposed the implementation of Pinyin "brief words"，Proposal abolition of Chinese characters，On behalf of Esperanto (World Language)。but but，A complete abandonment of Chinese characters is not easy。Therefore, Qian Xuantong also pointed out in articles such as "Proposal of Reducing Chinese Characters Pen", "Chinese Character Revolution" and other articles，During the "preparation" period of changing Chinese characters as a letter pinyin，You can remedy it by writing "Breaking the Word"，and advocate search for the inherently reduced troops。1928，Chen Dengzhang denied the fundamental abolition of Chinese characters in "Specific Policy of Chinese Character Reform"、The practice of using Roman Pinyin，Strive to simplify some of the most commonly used Chinese characters in the society。

Its two，Organization of Simplified results。Under the idea of ​​retaining Chinese characters，Scholars collected inherently the inherently reduced -saving shape。1930，Li Congzhi wrote 87 groups of simplified correspondence in the "Research and Propaganda Methods of Protective Words"，This is the beginning of showing simplified characters in the "word table" mode。From this point of view，The work of simplified Chinese characters has been promoted from polard theory to focusing on practice。This process continued until the release of the "First Simplified Words" in 1935，There are 12 kinds of various simplified words compiled by people。At the same time，Scholars also think about sorting out、Principles、Method、Step，Exhibition mode of organizing results、Selected Bet365 lotto review theoretical basis of the body，Starting a wider extensive inquiry。

Its three，Comprehensive reflection on promoting simplified characters and walking Pinyin's road。January 1936，After the government of the Republic of China stops promoting simplified characters，Scholars also discussed the issues such as whether the simplified characters are the future of Chinese characters reform，Some people think that it should be thoroughly taken the road of Pinyin，Some people think that the road of simplified characters is also good。Then some scholars proposed the idea of ​​"multi -road integration": Promoting Simplified characters，Supplemented by Pinyin。

　　The research method has diversity

When the scholars explore the simplified problems of Chinese characters during this period，A variety of research methods creatively used。where，There are several ways to influence the far remote。

One，"Graphic Table" display method。When the practical results of the simplified shape of the body are treated，Often displayed in the "glyphos" mode，Typical representatives are the "First Batch of Simplified Words"。In fact，Chinese characters compiled by scholars in the Republic of China simplify more than 20 species。

Its two，"Moon Spectrum" and "Elderly" display method。Scholars represented by Du Zijin，Summarizing the simplified work of Chinese characters between 1926-1933 and simplified results in the form of "Moon"。other，He also sorted out the simplified characters "annual spectrum" from 1909-1935。

Its three，Experimental analysis and mathematical measurement algorithm。For example, in the "Simplified Section of the Formation"，Ai Ai Boat、Fu Yichen、Xu Zemin、Scholars represented by Li Zhi，Make full use of experimental statistics、Mathematical calculation、Comparison analysis and other research methods，Education of students' literacy、What Chinese characters do this professor in the education education of the public、How many Chinese characters are the professor、How to professor and other questions，more Bet365 app download scientific calculation and analysis was performed。

Four，Frequency statistics and classification method。Mainly refers to classification of characters based on words。For example, Xu Zimin in "Research on the Analysis of Chinese Characters"，According to the frequency of use，Further divided the 2,400 commonly used words he extracted into the most commonly used、commonly used、Commonly used level，800 words in each type。

Five，Psychological Cognitive Research Law。For example, Ai Wei is in the discussion of "Discussion on Simplified Chinese Character in Chinese Character Psychology"，Research on the difficulty of Chinese characters from experimental analysis further into the level of psychological cognition。

Its six，Research method combined with vertical comparison and horizontal comparison。At that time, the scholar examined the general trend of the simplified development of Chinese characters，On the other hand, it examines the general law of the world's simplified text。For example, Ai Ai boat advocates teaching with simplified characters in "Research on Literacy Teaching"，One of the reasons is that British text also experienced changes from complex to simple。For example, Li Zhengfu pointed out in "Property and Resistance of Simplified Words"，The text of various countries in the world is basically "from complex to simplification"，It shows that simplified characters are suitable for the needs of ordinary people，Also conforms to the natural trend of text development and evolution。

　　Discussion method has continuity

The so -called "continuity" here，mainly refers to some scholars to make some views、Methods or sort out some simplified results，Other scholars often continue to study the theme or results。

January 1909，Lu Fei Yan advocated the use of vulgar characters in "Popular Education Dang Words"; February of the same year，Shen Youqing raised objections to Lu Fei ’s claims in" On the use of vulgar characters "; March of the same year，Lu Fei Yi responded to bet365 Play online games Shen Youqing in "Answer Shen Junyou Qing's theory"。Another example is November 1933，Lin Yutang distinguished "other characters" and "vulgar characters" in "Promoting Vulgar Characters"，and clearly oppose "other words"，Promote "vulgar characters"。Later，Qian Keshun in "Reading a Letter after Reading the Ninth Issue" Promoting Words "，Rebuting the views in Lin Yutang's "Promoting Volkswagen"。Also, for example, March 1935，"Promoting the Order of the hand" includes the 300 "handwriting" collected by the "hand -promoting promotion meeting"; May of the same year，Hu Xing newly collected 80 "handwriting"，supplemented the results of the "Performance at the hand"。

　The concept of holding is forward -looking

Even from today's academic vision review，At that time, some claims or insights put forward by the scholars still have great guiding significance and academic value。In these research concepts，Especially worthy of further thinking and excavation，It mainly includes four aspects。

One，Knowing the change of Chinese characters。Some people use Chinese characters to be "pictographs" and "derivative text".，For this，Qian Xuantong pointed out in the "Refining the Strokes of Chinese Characters": "You should consider the current application and not applicable，No need to care。""，Liu Gongmu believes in "Promoting Promoting Promotion from Work Efficiency"，Character changes run according to the law of "natural evolution"，But sometimes you need to use "manual"，However, "artificial" can only be carried out on the basis of "nature"。

Its two，Cognition of the value of simplified characters。Li Jinxi believes in "Culture and Education"，Simplified characters are valuable，It is because it develops along the trend of the nature of Chinese characters，This is the case from ancient times。And Liu Gongmu also pointed out in "Promoting Promoting Promoting Words from Work Efficiency"，In the future society，Simplified characters Bet365 lotto review will definitely be implemented; and believe that Chinese text cannot be destroyed，The application of simplified characters only needs to wait time。Another，Ai Wei pointed out in "Discussion on Chinese Character Psychology Research"，If the selected simplified characters are in line with scientific principles，Even if the ministry order is not formally awarded，It will also be used。

Its three，Innovation of Chinese characters simplified ideas。The "Future of Chinese Characters" of Shen Youqian is analyzing that Chinese characters are not exclusive、Complicated glyphs、Based on the characteristics of many words，Proposal "Three Road Megers"，The comic symbol motion is about to move、Simplified characters、The benefits of the three methods of basic word movement are combined，to create a "fourth type" method。

Four，Revelation of the simplification of Chinese characters at that time。Zhang Gonghui analyzed the main problems in the simplification of Chinese characters during the Republic of China in "The way to carry forward the promotion of Chinese characters": First of all，No complete and practical plan，Long finishing process，The method is scattered，Lack of effective standards，Ignoring the need to stabilize the text at a certain development stage。Next，Simplified characters just reduce strokes，There is no scientific and reasonable sign system; if the status of traditional Chinese characters cannot be replaced，So the words、Simplified second body is parallel，Instead, it increases the difficulty of Chinese characters。

To sum up，All kinds of achievements of Chinese characters simplified in the late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China，All scholars continued to explore at that time、Arrangement、Reflection、Gained by innovation。Summarize the relevant experience of this period、Methods and various mistakes，For the sorting and standardized work of Chinese characters today and the future，It has important guiding significance。

(This article is the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" scientific research plan for the National Language Commission in this article 2015 key project "Research Information Library Construction and Related Research and Related Research" (ZDI125-59)

(Author Unit: Han College of Shaanxi Normal University)