The late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China were the initial stage of conscious and systematic simplification of bet365 horse racing odds，Although the simplification work of bet365 horse racing odds during this period was not yet comprehensive、Not in depth、Incomplete，But it is a form of reduction that has appeared in social life from time to time since the Tang and Song Dynasties、Vulgar writing form，The intermediate stage of system simplification work after the founding of New China。However，At that time, scholars did not initially focus on the existing reduced shapes in bet365 horse racing odds，There are not naturally systematic simplified plans and implementation methods for them to adopt。Overall，The development of Chinese character simplification during this period was based on continuous exploration and development，And exhibit the following characteristics。

　　The propulsion model is dialectical

We can describe the advancement process of Chinese character simplification during this period as "spiral upward"，That is, scholars at that time used "dialectical" thinking，More than half a century of exploration under the constant "try-deny-try again" mode，Gradually established the "promotion of simplified bet365 horse racing odds"，The concept of organizing bet365 horse racing odds supplemented by pinyin。

This promotion model can be roughly divided into three stages.

一，The debate between continuing to use bet365 horse racing odds and switching to Pinyin。To solve the problem of complicated fonts，The first alphabetical pinyin scheme "Clear at a Glance" created by the Chinese in 1892 was released，To 1910，There are 28 pinyin schemes proposed across the country。1908，"Pingyi on the Use of Simplified bet365 horse racing odds" begins the reflection on the road of "Simplified bet365 horse racing odds"，Believe that the bet365 horse racing odds commonly used in society can be learned in one and a half years，And there are cursive characters since the Jin and Tang Dynasties。In addition，In 1909, Lu Feikui pointed out in "General Education Should Use Common bet365 horse racing odds"，bet365 horse racing odds are difficult to form、Difficult to implement，And believes that the "simplified characters" created by modern people are too different from the old characters，Thus he advocated the promotion of vulgar bet365 horse racing odds。To 1918，Qian Xuantong clearly opposed the implementation of pinyin "simplified characters" in "China's Writing Issues in the Future"，Advocates the abolition of bet365 horse racing odds，Replace with Esperanto。However，It is not easy to completely abandon bet365 horse racing odds。Therefore Qian Xuantong pointed out in articles such as "Proposal to Reduce the Stroke Base of bet365 horse racing odds" and "Chinese Character Revolution"，During the "preparatory" period for changing bet365 horse racing odds to alphabetical pinyin，It can be remedied by writing "broken bet365 horse racing odds"，And promotes the search for inherent reduced shapes。1928，Chen Denghao denied the fundamental abolition of bet365 horse racing odds in "Specific Guidelines for the Reform of bet365 horse racing odds"、Changing to Roman Pinyin，Advocates simplifying some of the most commonly used bet365 horse racing odds in society。

　Second，Compilation of glyph simplification results。With the idea of ​​retaining bet365 horse racing odds，Scholars collect inherent reduction forms in many ways。1930，Li Congzhi compiled 87 sets of examples of characters corresponding to traditional and simplified characters in "Research on Simplified bet365 horse racing odds and Proposal for Implementation Methods"，This is the beginning of truly displaying simplified characters in "Character List" mode。Looking from this，The work of simplifying bet365 horse racing odds has advanced from focusing on theory to focusing on practice。This process continued until the release of the "First Simplified Chinese Character List" in 1935，There are as many as 12 types of simplified character lists compiled by people。At the same time，The ideas that scholars have compiled、Principles、Method、Steps，Display mode of sorting results、The academic basis for body selection, etc.，Opened a more extensive exploration。

Third，Comprehensive reflection on the implementation of simplified bet365 horse racing odds and the path of pinyinization。January 1936，After the Republic of China government stopped the implementation of simplified bet365 horse racing odds，Scholars have focused on discussions on whether simplified characters are the future of Chinese character reform，Some people think that Pinyin should be completely adopted，Some people think that the simplified Chinese character approach is also feasible。Subsequently, some scholars put forward the idea of ​​"multi-channel integration": the promotion of simplified bet365 horse racing odds，Supplemented by Pinyin。

　　Diversity in research methods

When scholars during this period were exploring the issue of simplification of bet365 horse racing odds，Creatively used a variety of research methods。Among them，There are several methods that have a far-reaching impact。

一，"Glyph table" display method。When scholars deal with the practical results of form simplification，Often displayed in "glyph table" mode，The typical representative is "The First Batch of Simplified Chinese Character Lists"。In fact，The simplified "glyph table" of bet365 horse racing odds compiled by scholars in the Republic of China has more than 20 types。

　Second，"Monthly Spectrum" and "Annual Spectrum" Display Method。Scholars represented by Du Zijin，The bet365 horse racing odds character simplification work and simplification results from 1926 to 1933 are summarized in the form of "monthly spectrum"。In addition，He also compiled the simplified "Chronology" from 1909 to 1935。

Third，Experimental analysis and mathematical measurement algorithm。For example, in the "organizing stage of glyph simplification results"，Danger the boat with Ai、Fu Baochen、Xu Zemin、Scholars represented by Li Congzhi and others，Make full use of experimental statistics、Mathematical calculation、Comparative analysis and other research methods，Literacy education for students、What bet365 horse racing odds should be taught in public literacy education、How many bet365 horse racing odds to teach、How to teach and other issues，Conducted more scientific calculations and analysis。

Four，Word frequency statistics and hierarchical classification method。Mainly refers to grading characters based on word frequency。For example, Xu Zemin in "Research on Difficulty and Easy Analysis of bet365 horse racing odds"，Based on frequency of use，further divide the 2,400 common words he extracted into the most commonly used、frequently used、Commonly used level three，800 words for each category。

　Fifth，Psychological cognitive research method。For example, Ai Wei's works such as "Discussing Simplified bet365 horse racing odds from the Psychological Study of bet365 horse racing odds"，To further deepen the study of Chinese character difficulty from experimental analysis to the level of psychological cognition。

Sixth，Research method combining vertical comparison and horizontal comparison。On the one hand, scholars at that time examined the general trend of simplification in the development of bet365 horse racing odds，On the other hand, it also examines the general law of simplification of world writing。For example, Ai Jianzhou advocated using simplified bet365 horse racing odds for teaching in "Research on Literacy Teaching"，One of the reasons is that British characters have also experienced changes from traditional to simple。Another example is what Li Zhengfu pointed out in "The Implementation and Resistance of Simplified bet365 horse racing odds"，The writing styles of countries around the world are basically changing from “complexity to simplicity”，This shows that simplified bet365 horse racing odds are suitable for the needs of ordinary people，Also conforms to the natural trend of development and evolution of writing。

　　Discussion method has continuity

What is called "continuity" here，Mainly refers to some opinions put forward by a certain scholar、After sorting out some bet365 horse racing odds results，Other scholars often continue to conduct research on this topic or results。

January 1909，Lu Feikui advocated the use of common bet365 horse racing odds in "General Education Should Use Common bet365 horse racing odds"；February of the same year，Shen Youqing raised objections to Lu Feikui's proposition in "On the Adoption of Popular bet365 horse racing odds"；March of the same year，Lu Feikui responded to Shen Youqing in "Reply to Shen Jun Youqing on the Use of Common bet365 horse racing odds"。Another example is November 1933，Lin Yutang distinguished between "different characters" and "vulgar characters" in "Promoting Vulgar Characters"，And clearly opposed to "other words"，Promote "vulgar words"。Afterward，Qian Keshun in "A letter after reading the 29th issue of "Promoting Vulgar Characters""，Rebutted the views in Lin Yutang's "Promoting Vulgar bet365 horse racing odds"。For example, March 1935，"The Origin of the Promotion of Hand-Hand Words" contains 300 "Hand-Hand Words" collected by the "Hand-Hand Words Promotion Meeting"；May of the same year，Hu Xingzhi collected 80 new "words on hand" in "About Hand Words"，Added to the results of the "Shouzi Promotion Meeting"。

　The philosophy is forward-looking

Even bet365 horse racing odds today’s academic perspective，Some ideas or opinions put forward by scholars at that time still have great guiding significance and academic value。Of these research ideas，Especially worthy of further thinking and exploration，Mainly including four aspects。

一，Understanding of simplified bet365 horse racing odds。Some people object to reducing the strokes of bet365 horse racing odds on the grounds that bet365 horse racing odds are "hieroglyphics" and "derivative characters"，To this，Qian Xuantong pointed out in the "Case of Reducing the Strokes of Current bet365 horse racing odds": "We should consider whether it is applicable or not.，Don’t worry about the ancients’ subtleties。”Also，Liu Gongmu believes in "Promoting Simplified bet365 horse racing odds from the Perspective of Work Efficiency"，Text changes operate according to the laws of "natural evolution"，But sometimes we need to use "manpower"，However, "artificial" can only be done on the basis of "natural"。

　Second，Awareness of the value of simplified characters。Li Jinxi believes in "Culture and Education"，The reason why simplified bet365 horse racing odds are valuable，Because it follows the natural trend of bet365 horse racing odds，This has been the case since ancient times。Liu Gongmu also pointed out in "Promoting Simplified bet365 horse racing odds from the Perspective of Work Efficiency"，In the future society，Simplified bet365 horse racing odds will definitely be implemented；And believes that Chinese writing cannot be destroyed，The application of simplified characters only requires waiting time。Also，Ai Wei pointed out in "Discussing Simplified bet365 horse racing odds from the Psychological Study of bet365 horse racing odds"，If the selected simplified characters comply with scientific principles，Even if the ministry order is not officially issued，It will work too。

Third，Innovation in simplification of bet365 horse racing odds。Shen Youqian's "The Future of bet365 horse racing odds" analyzes the soundless form of bet365 horse racing odds、Complex glyph、Based on the characteristics of large number of words，Advocates "Three-way Convergence"，The phonetic symbol movement is coming、Simplified Chinese Movement、Combining the benefits of the three basic word movement methods，Thus creating the “fourth” method。

Four，Revealing the shortcomings of Chinese character simplification work at that time。Zhang Gonghui analyzed the main problems existing in the simplification of bet365 horse racing odds during the Republic of China in "The Approach to the Collection and Development of bet365 horse racing odds": First，No complete and feasible plan，The finishing process is long，Methods scattered，Lack of valid standards，Ignores the need for stability of writing at a certain stage of development。Secondly，Simplified characters just have fewer strokes，No scientific and reasonable phonetic notation system has been established；If it cannot replace the status of traditional bet365 horse racing odds，So one word is traditional、Simplified two-body parallelism，On the contrary, it increases the complexity of bet365 horse racing odds。

In summary，Various achievements in simplifying bet365 horse racing odds during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China，It was all scholars at that time who had continued to explore、Argument、Reflection、Achieved by innovation。Summary of relevant experience during this period、Methods and various mistakes，For today’s and future Chinese character collation and standardization work，It has important guiding significance。

(This article is a phased result of the 2015 key project of the State Language Commission's "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" scientific research plan "Construction of Information Database for Simplification of bet365 horse racing odds in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China and Related Research" (ZDI125-59)

(Author’s unit: bet365 horse racing odds College of Shaanxi Normal University)