Since the establishment of modern linguistics，There is always "Western Centralism"，Often the linguistic theory proposed by Western scholars based on Indo -European language is regarded as Guiyi，and being "consciously" verifying its applicability in Chinese。As early as 1986，Lu Shuxiang once pointed out: "Foreign theory is renovated there，We will follow ... We also use it mechanically or even the matte performance.。"" Now，More than 30 years have passed，This situation not only has no change，And there is a trend of intensity。Summary of the type of learning difficulties encountered by Chinese from the perspective of Western centralism，The most basic point is to define difficulties -Western scholars are often based on "Mutual Intelligibility" standard，I believe that the dialects of Chinese can not communicate with each other，So it is not a language，but a language family，Including a variety of languages。This definition difficulty can be traced back to the understanding of the relationship between spoken and written words (text)。

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Swiss linguist Sosuer's "General Linguistics Tutorial" is generally considered to be the foundation of modern linguistics，This book opens the minds of speaking and written words，It is pointed out "The only purpose of the existence of written language is to record spoken language ... Spoken first sex，Writer Second Sex "，From this limited the research object Bet365 lotto review of linguistics is just spoken，excluding text。Placed under the context of Indo -European language，Because the Indo -European language uses Latin letters，Word recorded scholarship, but not directly expressed，This judgment seems to be completely established。but，If you put it on the Chinese context of our country，This view deviates from historical facts，Lack of realistic interpretation。

From a historical point of view，From ancient times to present，European ethnic groups have a trend of continuous differentiation，and ethnic identity to a large extent from the understanding of oral interoperability- "Our language is incompatible，Naturally, we can't think we are the same nation "; after the national language consciousness，European ethnic groups have borrowed Latin letters and combined with the characteristics of their national language.，Create your own text。So，For various European ethnic groups，The difference in spoken language stimulates the awakening of national consciousness，and dominate the creation of text，It can be roughly summarized as a "spoken language -national identity -text" mode。However, the situation in China follows a very different mode。Qin unified six kingdoms，The spoken language in different regions in the territory cannot be fully communicated，"Books and Tongwen" realized the unity of the text in one fell swoop; in the history of China ’s division and integration, I have never given up Chinese characters，The spoken forms used in different historical stages are different，It can be said that Chinese characters Bet365 app download have maintained the cultural identity of the Chinese nation to a large extent。and the unified spoken voice form did not promote it until the 20th century，and the unity at this time is also based on words as the basic unit。Therefore，China's model can be roughly summarized as "Word -National Agreement -Speak"，If you only consider the voice form of the text，Chinese is even difficult to be defined。

The closely related to history is the nature of the text。The oldest text system known in the world，Including ancient Egyptian holy books、Sumerian wedge -shaped text and Chinese Oracle texts have clear pixels -each symbol can directly express。But，Only Chinese characters have continuously developed to today，Keep the original expression，Holy Book characters and wedge -shaped characters are developed into consonant letters because of the interruption of civilization and more for the Phoenicians。Phoenic letter is exactly the source of all Latin letters，Therefore, Latin letters are simply memorizing，There is no direct description of the function -in fact，Chinese characters are the only self -source text in the world in the world.。Different properties of text directly affect the different evolution paths of the language: in European countries，The text is created by the pronunciation of spoken language (transformed on the basis of Latin letters)，When the spoken language changes，The official will promptly promptly promptly prompt the orthography，to ensure that text and spoken language are adapted; at the same time, because the text does not have a direct expression function，You only need to directly Bet365 app download record the pronunciation of foreign words when absorbing foreign words.。The situation in Chinese can be described as the opposite，until the 20th century，All descriptions related to voice，All works including Yuey the Rhyme，All are words -centered，It is very difficult to know that a certain word is accurate at a certain place; in terms of absorption of foreign words，Due to the natural representation characteristics of Chinese characters, the word meaning has to be considered，As a result, pure phonetic translations such as "Germany" often make a free translation form like "phone"。

　Pay attention to the role of text on language

At present, the type of language is also determined to have a strong Western centralist color。Chinese in modern linguistics is often used as a representative of the "isolating language"，Unlike Indo -European -speaking morphological marks and folding changes (Inflection) expression、Number、grid、time、Body、State and other grammar categories，Some languages ​​in the central and western Africa in the structure、Clione and even gesture are similar。This classification method does not consider the history of Chinese characters and the history of Chinese grammar evolution。Because the text of European language is a direct note，Folding changes that appear in speaking can be directly recorded; however, there is a change of flexion (such as breaking reading) in ancient times in ancient times.，But because Chinese characters cannot record these specific voice forms，The fact we see is that these forms gradually simplify and disappear in the long history，Instead of being derivative of Bet365 app download Chinese character meaning、Extension and blur，The so -called "virtual word" is born -even if there is grammatical function，There is generally visible connection between its virtual and righteousness。The current type of scientific classification ignores the folding change in ancient Chinese，On the other hand, it also ignores the significant difference between Chinese and African languages/Cleore/gesture.。Modern Chinese and African Language/Cleore/Gesture does not depend on the changes in morphology to represent grammatical meaning，Symbols of language symbols linearly can be combined into sentences。The most fundamental cause of these problems is，Western centralist perspective has always ignored the text in linguistics research，Naturally, I will not consider the impact of text on language。If you consider the multi -meaning of the symbol、The nature of the text and the relationship with the language，Given that Chinese characters are the only self -source text that is used to this day，and its representation characteristics have a profound impact on all aspects of Chinese aspects，It is unique in the world，I am afraid that Chinese can only be listed in types in type。

　Research ideas for advocating the "characteristic"

To sum up，"Spoken first sex，Text Second Sexual "This assertion is completely applicable in the European context，But the relationship between Chinese and Chinese characters is closer to the opposite situation，and the theory of modern linguistics is precisely based on this judgment。This is logical for European scholars，Due to the history of linguistics，Western discourse dominates ordinary Bet365 app download linguistics，In this kind of discourse，Chinese will inevitably become a mysterious existence that is difficult to be defined。

Must be specifically pointed out，Western scholars do not know the particularity of Chinese，In fact, in the "General Linguistics Tutorial"，Sache also mentioned in particular "for the Han people，Words and words of expressions are symbols of concepts; from their opinion，Text is the second language "。Jerry Norman, a famous American sinologist, explained in his book "Chinese": "Chinese，Especially its written language，It has always been the most powerful sign of this cultural unity (unified Chinese culture) ... and another fact is，The Chinese have been for a long time，Obviously not interested in speaking，Especially where the language changes are particularly significant ... "The West is still so insightful，Chinese scholars don't have to only look at the Western horse's head。Zhao Yuanren、Lu Shuxiang、Mr. Wang Li has mentioned the significance of Chinese characters for Chinese research，Based on this，Xu Tongyu、Pan Wenguo and other scholars strongly advocate the research idea of ​​"character -based"。From the perspective of history and reality，We believe that "characteristic" is to break the centralism in the general language and science world、Establish a feasible idea of ​​Chinese discourse，I believe that more and more Chinese scholars will no longer "follow the West"。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund's later funding project "The Phenomenon and Status Statistics Study Study in Chinese" (20fyyb043) phase -based results)

(Author Unit: Academy of Literature of Suzhou University)