The rise of the new Confucianism in the Song Dynasty can be called the "a major cause" in the history of Chinese thought (Chen Yinque)，It not only continues the pre -Qin Confucian tradition and has made innovative conversion to it，And constitutes the cultural resources of "modernity" reflection of modern Confucianism。Confucian culture undoubtedly uses classics as its carrier，Confucianists from any era since the pre -Qin Dynasty are in the process of ideological inheritance or creation，Can't be placed outside the classic world and separates the shortcut。If the "Tang and Song Dynamic" is the perspective，Turning the vision from the outside of the outer Buddhism or the Wei and Jin metaphysics to the internal internal of the Confucian tradition，It will find that the new atmosphere of the "Book of Scriptures and Doubts" in the field of classics since the middle and late Tang Dynasty provides inherent opportunities for the "ideological breakthrough" of the new Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. element，Instead of facing a transfer of an example of an interpretation。This model transfer is a manifestation of the "breakthrough" of the new Confucianism，It means that the tradition of the Han and Tang Dynasty is beyond，and lead to rewriting the knowledge map of the Confucian classic world。So，The new Confucianism in the Song Dynasty is actually a cultural movement that rebuilds the "classic world"。

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Culture vitality often relies on classic，Because the knowledge connotation in the classics constitutes an important gene of culture。The cultural traditions of ancient China have been condensed in the Confucian "Six Classics" system since the Corporation of China，and basically formed in the Confucius era。Classic is both text as a carrier，Text is a platform that carries thoughts，The academic form of "science" from it began in the Han Dynasty。The Emperor Hanwu period "Dian Bai Haijia，Tables Six Classics "cultural policy and the establishment of the" Five Classic Dr. Bet365 app download "system，It means that the transformation of classics to scriptures is both the need for cultural development，It is a guarantee for establishing a political education system。Since then，Classics as a cultural knowledge system，The cultural consciousness foundation that constitutes a traditional society，Always occupy the primary position in the traditional Chinese cultural system。

The content of the scriptures is roughly involved in the ideological culture of the three generations of Tang Yu to the Spring and Autumn Period，Almost covered politics、Dianzhang、Rites Law、​​History、Religion and literature in various aspects。In the two Han Dynasty, with the staggered and folding of the ancient Chinese classics，Finally fused into a solid scientific knowledge system。The two Han classics pay attention to the inheritance of the teacher and the chapters and sentences，But this kind of academic orientation of "only based on chapters and sentences" (Cheng Yiyu)，From the perspective of the new Confucianism in the Song Dynasty，Can't help but forget the purpose of Confucianism and the discovery and interpretation of the "Tao"，Because only "knowing" is true Confucianism。

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it once reached a glorious peak，"Five Classic Justice" marks that the classics is set to be set in a，The completion of the "Kaicheng Stone Scripture" in the early 9th century means that the Han and Tang sciences have entered the "Unified Era" (Perizer)，Make traditional culture strong support from the ideology of classics。But，After the finishing work of integrating the science and classics can be developed smoothly，With the influence of the influence of "Anshi's Rebellion", the foundation of the entire Tang Dynasty's foundation and the rise of the Ancient Chinese Movement in the middle of the Tang Dynasty，During the Tang Dynasty in the 8th century，There have been subtle changes in the field of science。Classic "Scripture" instead of "Word meaning" starts to receive attention，Especially the emergence of the new "Spring and Autumn", which helps a series, brings a new atmosphere for the classic interpretation。They are on the scriptures bet365 live casino games and biography、The difference between Note and Shu is very sensitive，It is believed that it is necessary to open the classic biography，It is necessary to do a lot of speculation work on the "Tao" or "reason" in the scriptures;、The classic "reason" is all over the "things"。The previous scientific interpretation of the scriptures is just ignoring this，Therefore, it is necessary to re -understand the politics such as "Spring and Autumn" in "Save chaos", "Wang Dao" and "Loyalty"、The meaning of philosophy and ethics。This classic reason and "Book of Classics" (Wu Chengyu) in the classics research injecting the spirit of philosophical criticism and suspicion，Become the first time in the Tang and Song dynasties to doubt the pioneer of the ancient times.。　

　　Song Chu suspects the trend of thoughts and science and turns

At the beginning of the rise of the new Confucianism in the Tang and Song dynasties，New Confucianism must be faced at the same time as criticizing and summing up the Han and Tang classics，How to achieve the topic of "breakthroughs" for this。Sun Fu, one of the "Mr. Three" in the early Song Dynasty, has a overall judgment of the history of the Confucius period，It is believed that the science since the Han and Wei Dynasties has essentially caused the disorders of the "Six Classics" to be disordered。It is in the annotation method of Chen Chen Xiangyin and no invention at the scripture level，On the surface, the book "Thousands of Hundreds cannot be used" on the surface，However, the thought is shrouded in the framework of the "Old Note"。Obviously，The above judgment reflects the general opinion of the Han Dynasty classics in the early Song Dynasty，The status quo of the "Six Classics of the Six Classics" after Confucius is exactly the object of the new Confucianism in the early Song Dynasty that the new Confucianism must carry out the object of "ideological breakthrough"。

but，New Confucianism wants to realize the construction of the righteousness，Can't get rid of the classic，Because the science is still a text foundation for survival，The reason is that you want to get rid of the scholarship of the Han Dynasty classics，How to rebuild the scientific interpretation model。This has become the primary topic for the new Confucianism bet365 live casino games to implement ideas。According to Luyou's statement，The fuse of this breakthrough was made by many Confucianists during the New Deal of the early Song Dynasty.，Scholars dare not negotiate Confucius、Zheng Kangcheng，Is the saint? After the celebration，The Confucian Invention Scriptures，Non -predecessors。"" In fact，This trend of thought is also the opening of the doubt，As a result of the Confucian classic "Tie", "Zhou Li", "Mencius", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", etc., they are all regarded as suspicious objects。With this doubt, the doubt gradually spreads and spreads，Treating conceptual transformation。Therefore, Cheng Yi, the founder of Taoist learning after the celebration，The political movements of various new policies or reforms from from Qingli to Xining，At the same time, it affects the changes in the field of classics，The situation that leads to "the most prosperous of the DPRK"。With the rise of Taoist thoughts，The meaning contained in the scriptures also began to push in the direction of "discussion unique"。Specifically，The so -called "Scripture Most" should be represented by Liu Chang's "Seven Classics" and Wang Anshi's "Three Classics"，And there is ideological continuity between the two。Liu’s scriptures are only "a little new"，And Wang's "New Yi" is obviously "seeing the scholarship of the Han Confucianism" (Wang Yinglin)，A comprehensive transcendence of the Han and Tang sciences。

The question is，Is the wave of doubts about the beginning of the Song Dynasty and the trend of Taoist thought in Xining.，How to change the scriptures and how to lead to the phenomenon of "scientific science" in Taoist thought。Review from the vision of Taoism to examine the early learning campaign of the early Song Dynasty，It can be found that it is because of the dare to suspect or even dare to make a "manual feet" on classic text，Lian with traditional scriptures and sparse methods, it has to be shaken，Then the interpretation method of science is inevitable。For example，Cheng Yi "Chow Yicheng's Biography" is a typical work of scientific science，Even the Confucian Confucianism Gu Yanwu, who did not have a good word for Song and Ming, praised this。bet365 live casino games He concluded that in the ancient and present "thousands of unparalleled" Yixue work group，"Never See Overwhelming Those"。Of course，The model of the model of scientific science is not Zhu Xi，His "Four Book Collection Notes" created a new model of "Four Books"。　

　"Four Books" new classic system reconstruction

The New Confucian Movement has started from the field of science and starts to make breakthroughs in thoughts，An urgent problem encountered: how to re -arrange Confucian classics in order to lay the foundation for the rejuvenation of Confucianism。Want to take a different approach outside the classic world of the "Five Classics"，Reconstruction of the new classic is not easy，This first requires new ideological vision。According to "Song History · Taoism Biography"，Two -journey based on Taoist position，"Commend the" University "and" Mean "，Two -column with "Language" and "Meng"。Although the two -way system has not completed the system reconstruction of the "Four Books"，But they not only conducted text collation of "Xue" and "Yong"，And completed the work of "change the book"，More promoted to a new theoretical height in terms of ideological interpretation，This new study study played the role of "Four Books" for the later master Zhu Xi, a master of science.。

From the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Han Yuzhong "Mencius"、And his disciple Li Yutte since "The Golden Mean"，It foreshadows that outside the "Five Classics" system，Still there are important classics to be discovered。Especially after the impact of the doubts of the beginning of the Song Dynasty，"The Golden Mean" and "Mencius" have received Sun Fu、Shi Jie、Fan Zhongyan、Hu Hu、Wang Anshi and other Confucians strongly respect。The reason for the improvement of the status of "University"，In addition to Sima Guang's "University Broadcasting" for commendation，The most merit that is two -way。They not only delete the text of "University", respectively，and firmly believe that "University" is the "Confucius Lesses"，"The Gate of Entering Germany，Not as "University" "，Emphasizing Confucian self -cultivation practice "The Preface to Study" University "。So far，"University" as the classic bet365 best casino games status of Confucianism's "door to Germany" was initially determined。

New Concept of Studies Based on the Errobe，Zhu Xi rebuilt a set of passage systems for "University"，That is the structure of the scriptures and ten chapters of the scriptures，and wrote a "grid supplementary biography" for Chapter 5。Zhu Xi with its keen theoretical vision，Refine the "Three Programs and Eight Metro" from the text of "University"，Taking this as the general outline of "University"。Subsequent interpretation method of admission and sentences，Completed the interpretation of the "Four Books" one by one，Building a new "Four Books" marked by "Four Books and Sentences"。and，Zhu Xi quoted the two -way said，Emphasizing scholars must start with the "four books"，"Then and" Six Classics "，so as to make re -arrangements for the sequence of "Four Books" and "Five Classics"，"Four Books" as the new classic gradually crossed the "Five Classics" and occupied the primary position。

From the perspective of the structure，"Four Books and Sentences Collection Notes" is also very different from the form of note of the old scriptures: first indicate the word sound and word meaning; secondly the interpretation sentence or conceptual meaning; once again quotes the predecessors (mainly Taoist viewpoints such as the two -way)) All kinds of notes; finally in the way of "Fool Press"，Put forward your own unique insights。It can be said，Zhu Xi's four books broke the previous chapters and sentences and created a "new chapter sentence" body，Taoist concepts in the classic interpretation，Realizing the internal unity of righteousness and classic，Make "Four Books and Sentences Collection" maintains the writing system of classics to a certain extent，At the level of righteousness, the characteristics of restructuring Taoist discourse。

undoubtedly，The new Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was a "ideological breakthrough" of the Han and Tang sciences，New Confucianism is focusing on rebuilding the Confucian "new classic"。The classic interpretation of this with this also appeared in the steering of science，Its typical symbol is the formation of "four books"，In philosophy、Study、Culture and other levels，bet365 best casino games strongly promoted the comprehensive revival of Confucianism。Zhu Xi's "Four Books" constructed the "classic world" in Taoist sense，Its "Four Books and Sentences Collection" has been introduced to all countries around East Asia after the 13th century，Therefore, the "four books" that originally belonged to local knowledge gained universal significance in the East Asian world，An important ideological wealth of East Asian Confucianism。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Multi -Volume" New Editor in the History of Song and Ming Confucianism "(17zda013) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Fudan University)