The rise of New Confucianism in the Song Dynasty can be called "a major cause and effect" in the history of Chinese thought (Chen Yinke's words)，It not only continued the pre-Qin Confucian tradition but also made innovative transformations，And it constitutes the cultural resources of modern Neo-Confucianism’s reflection on “modernity”。Confucian culture undoubtedly uses bet365 offers as its carrier，In the process of ideological inheritance or creation by Confucianists of any era since the pre-Qin Dynasty，There is no way to stay outside the classic world and find another shortcut。If we take the "Tang and Song Dynasty changes" as the perspective，Turn your vision from the external Buddhism and Lao or Wei and Jin metaphysics to the inside of the Confucian tradition，You will find that the new trends in the field of Confucianism since the middle and late Tang Dynasty, such as "belief and doubtful transmission" in the field of Confucianism, provided internal opportunities for the Song Dynasty New Confucianism to achieve "ideological breakthroughs"；Traditional Confucian bet365 offers as a study of exegesis has also been injected with new elements of Taoist thought，And have to face a shift in interpretation paradigm。This paradigm shift is a manifestation of the "ideological breakthrough" of New Confucianism，Meaning that the Han and Tang bet365 offers traditions were surpassed，And led to the rewriting of the intellectual landscape of the Confucian classic world。Therefore，New Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was actually a cultural movement that reconstructed the "classical world"。

　　The evolution of bet365 offers in Han and Tang dynasties and the revival of Confucianism

The vitality of culture often relies on bet365 offers，Because the knowledge connotation in the bet365 offers constitutes an important gene of culture。The cultural traditions of ancient China since the Shang and Zhou dynasties are condensed in the Confucian "Six bet365 offers" system，And it was basically formed in the Confucius era。bet365 offers are based on text as a carrier，And text is a platform for carrying thoughts，The transformation of the academic form of "Confucian bet365 offers" from it began in the Han Dynasty。The "deposition of hundreds of schools" during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty，The cultural policy of "Biaozhang Liu Jing" and the establishment of the "Doctor of Five bet365 offers" system，It means that the transformation of bet365 offers into Confucian bet365 offers is a need for cultural development，It is also the guarantee for the establishment of the political education system。Since then，Confucian bet365 offers as a cultural knowledge system，The foundation of cultural consciousness that constitutes traditional society，Always occupies a primary position in the Chinese traditional cultural system。

The content of Confucian bet365 offers roughly covers the thought and culture from the Tang and Yu Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period，Almost covers politics、Code、Etiquette、History、Various aspects such as religion and literature。The Han Dynasty was accompanied by the intersection and collision of ancient and modern bet365 offers，Finally integrated into a solid system of bet365 offers knowledge。Confucian bet365 offers of the Han Dynasty pay attention to the inheritance of teachers' teachings and the exegesis of chapters and sentences，But this kind of intellectual-only academic orientation that “only focuses on exegesis of chapters and sentences” (Cheng Yi’s words)，From the perspective of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty，It is inevitable to forget the original purpose of Confucianism and the discovery and interpretation of "Tao"，Because only “those who know” are true Confucianism。

In the early Tang Dynasty, Confucian bet365 offers reached its peak of glory，The "Five bet365 offers of Justice" marks that the study of bet365 offers is determined by one authority，The completion of the "Kaicheng Stone bet365 offers" in the early 9th century means that Han and Tang bet365 offers have entered a "unified era" (Pi Ruixi's words)，Making traditional culture strongly supported by the ideology of Confucian bet365 offers。However，Just after the work of integrating Confucian bet365 offers and bet365 offers was successfully launched，With the occurrence of the "Anshi Rebellion", an event that affected the foundation of the entire Tang Dynasty society, and the rise of the classical prose movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty，In the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty period，Subtle changes have taken place in the field of bet365 offers。The classic "scriptural meaning" rather than the "literal meaning" is beginning to attract attention，In particular, the emergence of the new "Spring and Autumn" studies of the Tie Zhu series has brought a new trend to the interpretation of bet365 offers。Their antiphons and biographies、The difference between notes and sparse is very sensitive，I think it is necessary to connect all the bet365 offers，It is even more necessary to do some thinking and extraction work on the "Tao" or "Principle" in the scriptures；The "Tao" of Confucianism penetrates the "spirit" of man、The "principles" of bet365 offers are everywhere in "things"。The previous interpretations of bet365 offers ignored this point，Therefore, it is necessary to re-understand the politics of "rescuing chaos", "kingdom" and "loyalty" in "Spring and Autumn"、Philosophical and ethical significance。This new trend of studying bet365 offers that integrates classic doctrines and "believe in the bet365 offers and refute the legends" (Wu Cheng's words) injects the spirit of philosophical criticism and skepticism，Became the forerunner of the trend of questioning ancient times and revising scriptures during the Tang and Song Dynasties。　

　　The trend of questioning thoughts and the Neo-Confucian turn bet365 offers early Song Dynasty

The beginning of the rise of New Confucianism during the Tang and Song Dynasties，The first thing New Confucians have to face is to criticize and summarize the bet365 offers of Han and Tang Dynasties，How to achieve an “ideological breakthrough” in this regard。Sun Fu, one of the "Three Masters" in the early Song Dynasty, has an overall judgment on the history of Confucian bet365 offers in the post-Confucius era，Believe that the study of Confucian bet365 offers since the Han and Wei dynasties has essentially led to the chaos of the "Purpose of the Six bet365 offers"。The reason lies in the inconsistency in the way of annotation and the lack of invention at the level of scripture and meaning，On the surface, there is a prosperous scene of “thousands and hundreds of schools” in the bet365 offers writings，However, thoughts are shrouded in the framework of "Old Notes"。Obviously，The above judgment reflects the general view of the academic circles in the early Song Dynasty on Han and Tang bet365 offers，The current situation after Confucius that "the purpose of the Six bet365 offers is unclear and unclear" is exactly what New Confucianism in the early Song Dynasty consciously had to make "ideological breakthroughs"。

But，New Confucianism wants to realize the construction of doctrine，Cannot be separated from the bet365 offers，Because bet365 offers is still the textual basis for the survival of ethics，So the problem is to get rid of the stereotypes of Han and Tang bet365 offers，How to rebuild the paradigm of biblical interpretation。This has become the primary issue for New Confucianism to implement ideological breakthroughs。According to Lu You，The fuse of this ideological breakthrough was ignited by the trend of thought that many Confucian scholars focused on inventing "jingzhi" during the Qingli New Deal in the early Song Dynasty: "Tang and the early Republic of China，Scholars dare not discuss Kong Anguo、Zheng Kangcheng，Kang Sage？Since the Qing calendar，Confucian scholars invented scriptures，unprecedented。”Actually，This ideological trend is also the beginning of the sutra-questioning trend，As a result, the Confucian bet365 offers "Xici", "Zhou Rites", "Mencius", "Shang Shu", "Book of Songs", etc. are regarded as suspicious objects。As this trend of doubting menstruation gradually spreads and spreads，Triggered a change in concept。So in the view of Cheng Yi, the founder of Taoism after Qingli，Various New Deal or reform political movements from Qingli to Xining，At the same time, it affected changes in the field of Confucian bet365 offers，Leading to the situation of "the most prosperous bet365 offers in this dynasty"。With the rise of Taoism，The principles contained in the Confucian bet365 offers have also begun to move in depth in the direction of "specific discussion"。Specifically，The so-called "the most prosperous bet365 offers" should be represented by Liu Chang's "Short Biography of the Seven bet365 offers" and Wang Anshi's "New Meanings of the Three bet365 offers"，And there is continuity of thought between the two。Although Liu’s Confucian bet365 offers are only “slightly novel”，Wang's "Xinyi" obviously "treats Han Confucianism as if it were a piece of cake" (Wang Yinglin said)，Achieved comprehensive transcendence of Han and Tang bet365 offers。

The problem is，Whether this wave of doubts and changes in the bet365 offers in the early Song Dynasty had a boosting effect on the Taoist thoughts before and after Xining，How did doubting the bet365 offers and changing the bet365 offers lead to the formation of the phenomenon of "confucianism" in the Taoist trend of thought。Looking at the New bet365 offers Movement in the Early Song Dynasty from the perspective of Taoism，It can be found that it is precisely because of daring to doubt the thoughts of bet365 offers and even daring to make "manipulative" deletions of classic texts，The traditional way of commenting on Confucian bet365 offers has to be shaken，It is inevitable to switch to the Neo-Confucian interpretation method。For example，Cheng Yi's "Zhouyi Chengshi Biography" is a typical work of Neo-Confucianism，Even Gu Yanwu, a great scholar in the early Qing Dynasty who criticized Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism, praised it highly。He concluded that among the group of Yixue works "without concern for thousands of schools" throughout the ages，"I have never seen anyone better than "Cheng Zhuan"。Of course，The person who set the example of the Neo-Confucianization of Confucianism is none other than Zhu Xi，His "Collected Commentary on the Four Books" created a new model of "Four Books"。　

　Systematic reconstruction of the new bet365 offers of "Four Books"

When the New Confucian movement began to make ideological breakthroughs in the field of Confucian bet365 offers，Encountered an urgent question: How to rearrange the Confucian bet365 offers to lay a textual foundation for the revival of Confucianism。Want to find another way outside the classic world of the "Five bet365 offers"，Rebuilding a new classic is no easy task，This first requires a new ideological perspective。According to "History of the Song Dynasty·Taoxue Biography"，Er Cheng is based on Taoist stance，"Commendation to "University" and "Moderate""，This is juxtaposed with "Yu" and "Mencius"。Although Ercheng did not complete the systematic reconstruction of "Four Books"，But they not only conducted textual corrections on "Xue" and "Yong"，And completed the "revision" work，It has also been elevated to a new theoretical level in ideological interpretation，This new study of bet365 offers played a leading role in the construction of the "Four Books" by Zhu Xi, the master of Neo-Confucianism。

Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, Han Yuzhong "Mencius"、Since his disciple Li Ao paid special attention to "The Doctrine of the Mean"，This indicates that it is outside the "Five bet365 offers" system，There are still important bet365 offers to be discovered。Especially after the impact of the Sutra-suspicious trend in the early Song Dynasty，"The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Mencius" were successively obtained by Sun Fu、Shi Jie、Fan Zhongyan、Hu Yuan、Strongly praised by Wang Anshi and other Confucian scholars。The reason why "University" has improved its status，Except for the commendation of Sima Guang for writing "The Great Learning"，Er Cheng’s contribution is the greatest。They not only deleted the text of "University" respectively，And I firmly believe that "The Great Learning" is "Kong's suicide note"，"The door to virtue，Nothing like "University""，Emphasis on Confucian self-cultivation practice "should study the preface of "The Great Learning"。To this point，The classic status of "The Great Learning" as the "gateway to virtue" in Confucianism has been initially determined。

New concepts of Confucian bet365 offers based on Ercheng，Zhu Xi rebuilt a system of scripture transmission for "The Great Learning"，That is, the structure of Chapter 1 and Chapter 10 of Ecclesiastes has been reorganized，And wrote a "Supplementary Biography of Things" for Chapter 5。Zhu Xi with his keen theoretical vision，Extracting the "Three Programs and Eight Items" from the text of "The University"，This is the general outline of the Great Learning。Then follow the explanation method of chapters and sentences，Completed the interpretation of the "Four Books" one by one，Building a new "Four Books" symbolized by "Annotations on Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books"。And，Zhu Xi quoted the theory of Er Cheng，Emphasizes that scholars must first start with the "Four Books"，“Then it comes to the Six bet365 offers”，Thereby rearranging the sequence of the "Four Books" and the "Five bet365 offers"，The "Four Books" as new bet365 offers gradually surpassed the "Five bet365 offers" and occupied the primary position。

From the structure，The "Collected Commentary on Four Books" is also very different from the commentaries of the old bet365 offers: first, the pronunciation and meaning of the characters are noted；Secondly explain the general meaning of the sentence or concept；Requote again the various annotations of predecessors (mainly from the Taoist views of Er Cheng and others)；Finally, by “stupid pressing”，Propose your own unique insights。It can be said，Zhu Xi's Four Calligraphy Studies broke the previous style of chapter and sentence annotation and created a "new chapter and sentence" style，Integrating Taoist concepts into classic interpretations，Realized the inner unity of principles and bet365 offers，The "Collected Commentary on Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books" maintains the writing style of Confucian bet365 offers to a certain extent，It also highlights the characteristics of reconstructing Taoist discourse at the level of doctrine。

Undoubtedly，New Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was an "ideological breakthrough" in Confucianism in the Han and Tang Dynasties，New Confucianism focuses on rebuilding the "New bet365 offers" of Confucianism。Concomitantly, the interpretation of bet365 offers also showed a Neo-Confucian turn，The typical symbol is the formation of "Four Books"，In Philosophy、bet365 offers、Cultural and other aspects，Powerfully promoted the comprehensive revival of Confucianism。Zhu Xi’s “Four Books” constructed the “classical world” in the Taoist sense，His "Collected Commentary on Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books" has been introduced to neighboring countries in East Asia after the 13th century，Thus, the "Four Books", which was originally local knowledge, gained universal significance in the East Asian world，Becoming an important ideological wealth of East Asian Confucianism。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 offers major project bet365 offers National Social Science Fund "Multi-volume "New Edition bet365 offers History of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties"" (17ZDA013)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Philosophy, Fudan University)