In the masterpiece of bet365 sign up offer atomism, "Our Knowledge of the External World"，Russell proposed a new proposition that "logic is the essence of philosophy"，Marks the advent of bet365 sign up offer positivism (bet365 sign up offer empiricism)。In Russell’s opinion，Hegel’s philosophy is nothing more than “logic applied to the real world”，Logic must be reformed in the direction of analytic philosophy。Russell’s logicist program provides a new paradigm for the transformation and development of analytical philosophy since the 20th century，Has a profound influence on the construction of bet365 sign up offer empiricism meta-philosophy。

Exactly，bet365 sign up offer positivism is not a philosophical school，But a philosophical trend or philosophical movement。bet365 sign up offer positivists represented by Russell and Wittgenstein emphasize the empirical nature of knowledge，Considering that philosophy is not an exquisite knowledge system，It is an activity that examines and judges the value and authenticity of a proposition system through bet365 sign up offer analysis。“Philosophy is the analysis of propositions containing descriptions。”Russell strictly distinguishes between the “bet365 sign up offer form” and the “grammatical form” of expressions，Considering that many metaphysical illnesses should be attributed to illegal inferences from "grammatical form" to "bet365 sign up offer form"。He emphasized again and again，Need to clean up philosophy，You must start by thinking about logic。

Traditional philosophy believes，The relationship between thinking and existence is a basic issue that cannot be avoided in philosophy，Positivism denies this problem，Emphasize that true philosophy should not "meander in circles" on this issue。In Russell’s opinion，If the task of science is to conduct systematic and strict bet365 sign up offer processing of complex empirical materials，Then the task of philosophy is to logically re-examine scientific descriptions: to examine whether they fully follow the laws of logic in the bet365 sign up offer processing of experience，To ensure that the scientific system has a solid foundation of bet365 sign up offer rationality。According to Russell’s understanding，Traditional ontology for time、Space、Thinking and grasping entities and other issues，Essentially, they are all the results of bet365 sign up offer analysis，It itself can ultimately be attributed to a bet365 sign up offer problem。The bet365 sign up offer structure of language and the bet365 sign up offer structure of the world are "same type"，Through language and bet365 sign up offer analysis, you can “understand the world more clearly”。This way，Russell actually denied that the fundamental issue of philosophy is the relationship between thinking and existence，And repeatedly emphasized，Philosophical thinking cannot be separated from logic，Logic is the essence of philosophy，Philosophy should be freed from the entanglement and disputes of meaning as soon as possible。The purpose of philosophy is not to propose or construct a neat and rigorous system of propositions，But use bet365 sign up offer analysis methods to clarify and examine the meaning of assumptions and propositions in science。

In the 1905 book "On Reference"，Russell proposed the famous "principle of acquaintance"。"In every proposition we can understand，All components are indeed entities with which we have direct knowledge。"Personal knowledge is first-hand knowledge，All knowledge obtained through description must be returned to personal knowledge to be reliable and valuable。Russell emphasized，Knowledge directly perceived by the senses is the most reliable、The most valuable knowledge，All complex scientific theories or knowledge systems are nothing but bet365 sign up offer structures of sensory experience and knowledge，All can be reduced to direct empirical knowledge and re-examined its bet365 sign up offer legitimacy。“When A experiences object O，We can say that A knows O personally。”The principle of intimate knowledge emphasizes the value of single experience and singular special propositions，It is in this sense，Russell strongly opposed the "verifiability principle of meaning" advocated by Schlick and Carnap which relied more on induction and general propositions。In Russell’s opinion，The principle of intimate knowledge is self-evident，Knowledge must actively embrace the "flood of experience"，It is incomprehensible to constitute a system of propositions without personal knowledge。“A basic principle that must be adhered to is: any system of propositions that we can understand，Must be composed of ingredients we know intimately。”It was Russell’s insistence on the principle of acquaintance that contributed to the unique philosophical theoretical system of bet365 sign up offer atomism。

Major philosophical issues such as "Is the essence of the world material or spiritual" that have long been debated in the history of philosophy，In Russell’s opinion，These are all meaningless fake questions，Just make necessary bet365 sign up offer rectifications，These useless arguments will disappear。According to Russell’s understanding，Really meaningful philosophical questions，In the end it all boils down to a matter of logic。"Every philosophical question，When necessary analysis and clarification，Can see，It may not be a real philosophical question at all，Or a bet365 sign up offer problem with a meaning that we misunderstood。”The most effective path to philosophical thinking is analysis，At the end of analysis，The unmasked bet365 sign up offer atom suddenly appears。Logic is the essence and background of philosophy，bet365 sign up offer analysis is the most effective methodology to explore the nature of any proposition system。Since the core task of philosophy is to logically re-examine the scientific language system，Scientific language is used to describe and observe the empirical world in depth，Then，In Russell’s opinion，Scientific language and the empirical world are of the same type in terms of the game rules and basic points of bet365 sign up offer analysis。“One by one、Detailed and verifiable analysis instead of a host of unexperienced generalities based solely on imagination，This is a Galilean progress。”Russell’s philosophical ambition is，Wielding the "Occam's razor" of the logicist solution，Relentlessly cut off all contradictions and differences in formal systematization work，To understand the language structure more clearly、World structure and its interrelationships。

The world of experience is filled with tireless probability or repetition，The necessity of bet365 sign up offer laws is self-evident，There is no such thing as chance in logic。In Russell’s opinion，Pure logic only focuses on the pursuit of formal perfection，No need to mention atomic facts，There is no need to worry about whether the object and the form are in exquisite correspondence。“The world is constructed by bet365 sign up offer means，Little or no recourse to specific experience is required。”According to Russell’s understanding，Pure logic and atomic facts are two independent extremes，The former is absolutely congenital，The latter is entirely probabilistic and empirical。It’s not hard to see，Russell has shaken his early insistence on subjective empiricism。As scholar Xia Keisong pointed out，No matter how Russell defines "innateness"，He failed to implement subjective empiricism throughout on the issue of bet365 sign up offer positivism，There is still a distinct imprint of transcendental thought。Russell himself confessed，bet365 sign up offer knowledge is self-sufficient beyond experience，Empiricist philosophy is not as important as imagined。

　　(Author’s unit: School of Marxism, Luoyang Normal University)