Thoughts on the Source of Marx's philosophy，Different opinions in the academic community at home and abroad。Alduse thinks，Marx's philosophy is exactly derived from Ferbaha's philosophy，It is the direct inheritance of Ferbaha -based philosophy during the period of its thoughts that Marx's thoughts were not yet mature。Guangsong thought，Marx's philosophy is the product of Hegel's abstract speculative logic with the combination of young Hegel and Ferbaha humanism，It is still in essence of idealism。Discussion on the philosophy of Marx in the domestic academic community，Different sounds also appeared。In fact，The best way to solve the debate，Just return to Hegel、Ferbaha，Sort and clarify Marx's ideological origin from the text。

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Class is one of the philosophical categories widely concerned by German classical philosophers。Different from Kant positioning the provisions of the class at the priority level，Understand the class as a subject with a priority self -consciousness，Hegel starts from absolute spirit，Trees the class as the spirit of development。He pointed out in "Logic"，"Universality is an objective universality after all，，Then think that the class as a free "self -existence"，It is constantly from low -level to advanced development。"The freedom of the category is a universal freedom，It is irrelevant to this form or its reality。"Obviously，Hegel made the class with freedom、Absolute spirit、God and other mysterious existence understanding。

other，Hegel also starts from spiritual essentialism，Consider the class as "simple prescribed"。He thinks，"Things yourself is a class itself，Classes are all in all the links of its species，and also independent of them "。From Hegel's view，"Things" is "simple prescribed"，It is used as a common bet365 live casino games thing，"All different links containing it are in their own and belong to them，But it treats them at the same time indifferently and keeps themselves from independent freedom，And it is a simple and simple、Abstract things yourself，It becomes the essence of them "。Here，Hegel treats "things itself" as spiritual understanding，Learn the phenomenon of the class in the three -stage process of spiritual self -development to understand，This is the secret of its idealism and philosophy system。

Whether it is understanding the class as "objective universality"，Or "simple prescribed"，In fact，Class is essentially a kind of "psychiatric" existence in Hegel，Therefore, it is naturally a mysterious color。But objectively speaking，Hegel's first thinking and exploration of philosophy，The direct impact of Ferbaha -type philosophy in terms of "abstract specifications"，It is still the indirect inspiration of Marx philosophy in "dialectics of class"，All proved the status of the major philosophy of Hegel's philosophy。

　　From "spirituality" to "human nature": Ferbaha's theoretical development

Ferbaha one against Hegel's philosophy like spiritual abstract understanding category，pulled the class from "Abstract Heaven" back to "Earth"，to achieve the combination of the existence of the class and the person，Founded a philosophy of philosophy with distinct humanism。

In "The In essence of Christianity"，Ferbaha refers to human nature with "class"，It is believed that the class reflects the "inner life" or "life"。From Ferbaha's view，Although animals also have self -sensation，But they do not know how to treat classes as objects。Animals' "internal life" and "external life" are unified，People are dual existence of two living and outside。"Only the class of your own、Your own essence as a creature as an object，can we take other things or entities according to its essential characteristics as the object "。In his opinion，Because people can treat their own individuality Bet365 lotto review and class as objects，Only to make itself different from all other animals。Obviously，Ferbaha here regards the "class" as a distinction between humans and animals。

Ferbaha thinks，Class is the essence of the person who is alienated，is God。"The essence of God" in religion is "the essence of human beings"，God is nothing more than a person's personality and a person's consciousness，Christians pass God，Connect the essence of your own inherent with yourself。From Ferbaha's view，It is because Christians focus on God where the generality is generally incarnate，Only to make them believe that God is love、De、Mei、Zhi，God is both a single existener，It is a perfect and common essence，Both the sum of the summary，It is an infinite total amount of class。In order to build a religion of its ethical love，Ferbaha as a way to organize love as a class。He pointed out，In love，People are dissatisfied with their own individuality，Sincerely need others to be with，Consume others as their own nature; and just consolidate the life with others as a real person、The concept of people is also a life that is adapted to the class。The individual is defective、Occascular、Weak、Poor，Love is strong、Perfect、Get satisfied、Non -lack of、Self -sufficient、Unlimited，3715_3739。

Objectively speaking，Ferbaha as a middle character from Hegel to Marx，Not only did the critical inheritance and reversal of Hegel's philosophy，And he develops from the humanistic development of categories from emotional，It has a direct impact on the founding materialist philosophy based on the establishment of practical materialism。

　　From human nature to practicality: Marx's theory transcendence

Marx inherited Hegel、Ferbaha uses a class as a common understanding of the essence of things，regard the essence of the class as the knowledge about things。but，The class that Hegel and Ferbaha understands are just "abstract universality"，This kind of "universal nature realized in thinking"，It seems to be "rootless Bet365 app download abstraction" to Marx。The commonality of Marx said is based on the commonality of practice and reality。The logic of the class compliance of Marx is，From "realistic personality" to "commonality based on personality" to "universal category"。This departs from the "mind of thinking" with German classical idealism，Consider the development of the class as "thinking activity in the mind"，With fundamental differences。Marx's anti -German classical philosophy tradition，Persist in the perspective of practical views from the "perceptual certainty" and "direct existence" starting understanding category，Not only found the foundation of social reality and the foundation of existence，and realized the "triple transcendence" of German classical philosophy。

One，Dialectics of philosophy transcendence。The enthusiasm of Hegel's enthusiasm for Marx's philosophy is，He interpreted the development of the class as a process of continuous development with dialectical thinking。As he said，"As a lower class，It will eliminate in a higher and universal thing。This higher and common thing can also be understood as a class，As a higher system，It must include a low -level system in itself "。This shows that Hegel not only sees the development of the class，I also saw the upward trend of the class，Realized the combination of class development and dialectics。but，He explained the movement of the class with abstract dialectics，This dialectical method is still the dialectical method of "head and foot"。For this，Marx pointed out，"My dialectical method，Fundamentally，Not only is it different from Hegel's dialectics，and the opposite contrary to it "。From Marx's view，Hegel thinks the thinking process，That is the thinking process that he calls the concept and even turns it into an independent subject，is the creator of real things，And realistic things are just external performance of the thinking process。Marx will take a different approach，Adhere to the Bet365 lotto review combination of the worldview of materialism and dialectics，Understand the development and generation of class，Therefore, the flipping and transcendence of Hegel philosophy is realized。

Its two，Practice of philosophy transcendence。Ferbaha to improve the class from abstract perceptual、class of class and class of class，This has caught him in intuitive materialism mud。As Marx said，"Ferbaha's dissatisfaction with abstract thinking and like intuitive; but he regards sensuality as a practice、Activities of a person "。From Marx's view，Because Ferbaha did not start criticizing the nature of religion from the real social relationship，He can only understand the nature of people as "class"，Understanding as an inner、Silent、The universal nature of many people is naturally linked to。This "commonality" of Ferbaha is a rootless "abstract universality"，Unable to explain the difference between people’s social relationships、richness and specificity。From Marx's view，People are "creating the object world through practice，Reconstruction of the Writer World，People prove that they are conscious categories，That is to say, it is such a existence，It regards the class as its own essence，Or seeing yourself as a category "。Marx thinks，"Animals are just constructed according to the scale and need it belongs to，But people know how to produce according to the scale of any species，and know how to apply the inherent scale everywhere to the object。So，People are also constructed in accordance with the rules of beauty "。Here，Marx's revolutionary practical thinking，Given it as a "person in the class" to develop energy，Makes people who are both subjective and capable and can take into account the existence of objective and regularity，Not only scientifically demonstrates the enthusiasm of people's practical activities，And in the theory of survival theory, a transcendence of German classical philosophy。

Its three，The real view bet365 Play online games of the philosophy of philosophy。Before Marx，The philosophy of Hegel and Ferbaha has a common theoretical defect，That is, they do not know how to understand the class in social reality，Just treat the class as an abstract commonality。Marx pays more attention to the rich social reality expressed and referred to in the class。From Marx's view，Ferbaha trying to reverse Hegel's speculative idealism philosophy from the world view of materialism，Make materialism understanding the nature of people，But because he chose "abstract isolated individual" as a foothold，Don’t know "The nature of a person is not an abstract object inherent in the single person，In its reality，It is the sum of all social relations "，In the end, his philosophy was hit with the brand of old materialism and slipped towards the idealism。As Marx said，"Intuitive materialism，It is not understanding sensuality as a materialism for practical activities，At most, you can only achieve the intuition of single person and civic society "。From Marx's view，The abstraction of a class is just expressing a rich social reality in a condensed way，With the continuous changes of realistic social practice activities，Class itself is also constantly given different meanings and connotations by social reality。Ferbaha understands the class in a sensitive and intuitive way，It is just a theoretical flip that has made intuitive materialism in Hegel's philosophy，and Marx starts from reality，Take the "human society" or "socialized human" as the foothold of its new materialism，Understand the practical activities of people to understand the class，This methodological change is undoubtedly revolutionary and thorough。

To sum up，From Hegel's spiritual，Volt by Fernbaha's human nature，Then to Marx's practicality，The development of philosophy shows clear the logic of ideas and historical logic。Discovery through the history of the history of the ideological history of the class，Marx's philosophy bet365 best casino games and German classical philosophy have close theoretical origin，There are essential theoretical differences。From this perspective，The academic community is like Alduce、Guangsong invitations and others' theoretical misunderstandings and understanding of Marx's philosophy are biased.。

　　(This article is the phased achievement of the Graduate Science Research Fund of the Renmin University of China (19xnh075))

(Author Unit: College of Marxism, Renmin University of China)