Ideology as a philosophical concept，It was proposed by French philosopher De Trales in the early 19th century，Meaning "Science of Concept"。Marx and Engels's early explanation of ideology was mainly based on the exposure and criticism of the bourgeoisiered ideology，It is a direct complaint that tries to achieve its dominant purpose with illusory and upside down ideology，No in -depth interpretation and expansion of ideological functions in society。To Engels in his later years，The struggle for the right to speak of ideology of all classes in society is intensified，Various ideological systems represented by bourgeois ideology are endless，Marxism faces severe ideological challenges and struggles。Face these new situations，Engels in -depth and dialectically explained the basic characteristics and active effects of ideology，Realized the further development and improvement of Marxist ideology theory。

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Some scholars discovered，Marx will no longer continue to use ideological concepts in his later years，Correspondingly，Engels frequently uses ideological concepts。Actually，For ideological concepts，Marx in old age and no use、Engels multi -use and less，In addition to explaining that the two have the focus of theoretical exploration and division of labor，Can't explain anything else。After Marx's death，The burden of explaining Marxist theory naturally falls to Engels’s shoulder。Engels in "Anti -Dulin", "Family、The Origin of Private and Countries "" The End of Ludwig Ferbaha and the End of German Classical Philosophy "," Dialectics of Nature "and some important letters，Comprehensively systematically explained the Marxist theoretical system including ideological theory，Expressing the theoretical purpose and interpretation path differently from Marx，Become an irreplaceable link in the history of the theory of ideology of Marxist ideology。

First，Engels's discussion based on Hegel's relationship and existence，Ascend the problem of the relationship between the two to the bet365 best casino games height of the basic problem of philosophy。Engels pointed out: "All philosophy，Especially the major basic problems of modern philosophy，It is a problem with the relationship between thinking and existence。"The philosopher is divided into two camps in accordance with how to answer this question，That is the various schools of idealism and materialism。Engels actually reversed Hegel's expression of philosophical problems，It clearly gives the relationship and existing relationships with universal significance，in a clear and simple language highlights the fundamental division of idealism and materialism，It provides the theoretical basis for the later Marxist ideology theory that emphasizes the party spirit of philosophy。

Second，Engels distinguished the conservative system and revolutionary method in Hegel's philosophy，I believe that Marx's philosophy revolution is separated from Hegel's philosophy by "returning to the standpoint of materialism"。According to Engels' interpretation，Marx (it should include Engels) is through this path，Only by determining that when you understand the real world (nature and history), you can understand it in front of everyone who does not take preemptive idealism.，So as to eliminate the ideological upside down of Hegel's dialectics，It has been discovered that "Over the years has become our best labor tools and the most sharp weapons of materialism"，Then a far -reaching impact on the theoretical form of Marxist theory later。

third，Engels shows the obvious intention of transforming Hegel's natural philosophy into a natural view of materialism，Most objects to point out philosophical research can be transferred to empirical science。From this，Through a critical investigation of Hegel's natural philosophy，Engels established its own natural dialectics theoretical system，Then I put forward "this historical concept ended the philosophy in the historical field，As dialectical natural views make all natural philosophy become unnecessary and impossible "。For philosophy，"If you leave anything，Then leave only a field of pure thought: the doctrine of the thinking process itself，That is Logic and Dialectics "。This means，Bet365 app download Whether it is dialectical historical view or dialectical concept，At most, it becomes the basic theory part of the scientific scope of empirical science。This interpretation path of Engels，The empirical science of Marxism and the ideology of Marxism as a science have a great impact。

　　Display the basic characteristics of ideology according to the role of economic foundation in historical development

　　Engels's interpretation of ideological theory is closely related to the in -depth discussion of the system of materialist history。The tendency of vulgarity and dogma in the process of criticizing Marxist transmission、Clarify the chaos in the theoretical theory、Challenge of Bulletin Scholars，Engels comprehensively explained the decisive role of economic foundation in the development of social history。From Engels,，The category of economic foundation does not refer to a pure relationship that removes specific reality content，Instead, it is closely related to real productivity，The organic whole of various elements of each dialectical relationship with each other。The decisive role of the economic foundation is achieved by people's conscious activities。Only correct understanding of the dialectical relationship between the people who are the subject of the historical subject and the activities of the activity，Only to grasp the specific process of social and historical development。Mechanism on the decisive role of the economic foundation，Engels thinks，Creating the personal free will in historical activities is reflected as various accidents，It is also determined by the specific material living conditions; and the will of many single individuals reflects the power of countless interdependences，constitutes "countless parallel quadranges，and therefore generate a total result，That is the historical incident "。These discussions are the correct understanding of ideological phenomena and its status and nature in the overall social structure，Provides extremely important methodology guidance。

Engels positioned ideology in the upper building field corresponding to the economic foundation in the overall social structure，pointed out that the upper buildings of each historical period are composed of legal Bet365 lotto review and political facilities in this historical period and various concepts.。These concept forms are actually ideologically referred to by Engels。Ideology has a great impact on the economic foundation。The decisive role of the economic foundation is achieved by people's conscious activities that people create history，The ideology reflected the ideological form or concept form of people to create historical activities，And as a factor and other factors in the upper -level building interact。History is the "total result" of all factors interaction。Engels and then the economy、Politics、The factors of ideology are distinguished，It is clearly stated that politics and ideology are determined by the economic foundation in the ultimate sense。Correspondingly，The closeness of connection between connections between various conceptual forms and economic foundations，Engels gave an ideological sequence。In various ideological forms or concept forms，Politics、Legal and economic foundation is the most closely linked，Other forms of ideology are often politically politically、The law is an intermediary to realize the interaction with the economic foundation。Relatively speaking，Philosophy and religion usually appear in the face of the world view，Politics in the form of its inherent concepts、Law、Moral and Art provide a reasonable basis for，It is the ideology that is farther away from the economic foundation。

According to this, it can be seen，Marx and Engels both regard ideological as an important category of materialistic history，The basic characteristics of considering ideology must be determined in the overall social structure revealed by the historical view of materialism。Engels understands society as a economy more clearly、Politics and ideology: the overall composition of three basic objective areas。Ideology as a upper -level building as concept，In the same political and legal facilities、The interaction of all factors including the economic foundation exerts its own practical functions，thus becoming a "aspect of human history"。Ideology as the basic conceptual tool for explaining history，Its content can be false，It can also be real; its Bet365 app download function can be conservative，It can also be improved。This evolution is of great significance for the evolution after Marxist ideological concept。

　　The ability to explain ideology from the dialectical relationship between the upper -level architecture and the economic foundation

Engels said in a letter to Joseph Bloch: "According to the view of materialism，The decisive factor in the historical process is ultimately the production and reproduction of real life。Both Marx or I have never sure that there are more things than this。If anyone is distorted here，It is said that economic factors are the only decisive factor，So he just turned this proposition into no content、Abstract、Absuristic nonsense。"Obviously，Ignoring or denied the relative independence of ideology and its reaction to the economic foundation，Not only will it provide those who attack those who attack the historical view of materialism，and will turn the historical view of materialism into an empty hole、Abstract、Rigid dogma。So，A series of communications in Engels in his later years are fully affirmed the decisive role of the economic foundation on the upper -level building，Focus on the relative independence of ideology and its reaction to the economic foundation。

One，historical inheritance of ideological development。Each ideology form is based on its pioneer accumulation and inherited specific ideological data as the premise，It contains the valuable factors in the social consciousness of the past。This historical inheritance，On the one hand, it is manifested as ideology.，Processing these conceptual materials based on new practical experience，Develop new theory。On the other hand，The new ideology is based on the old ideology，Usually we put on old ideological coat。It is because of this historical inheritance，Ideological form and various forms can form a retrospective historical clue and their respective independent development trends。Of course，This historical inheritance is not fully copied，Instead of comparing identification、Choose cautiously、Tips、Reasonable discarded results。

Its two，Unbalance of ideological development。On the one hand，Ideological form is the economic basis far from society、The ideological field of suspended in the air，The reflection of the existence of society bet365 best casino games or the economic foundation is often lagging。People’s real life process is always developing and changing，And the ideology has relative stability once it is formed，It can gradually be derived into a traditional and belief force in the long historical development process，accumulated in people's spiritual world，thus forming a lag of ideology caused by traditional conservativeness。On the other hand，Various thoughts、Consciousness and concepts as a reflection of people's thinking on society or economic foundation，Consciously、Dynamic、Positive or creative。Social consciousness that correctly reflects the objective and laws of social history can surpass the experience relationship of the same era and scientifically foresee the future。So，Progress、Revolutionary、Class ideas can become the pioneer of future social changes。This is the prerequisites of ideology reflected by the initiative of social consciousness compared to the economic foundation development and change。

Its three，Different steps of ideological development。From the perspective of historical development，The same country in a certain era，The level of its economic development level is high and the development level of certain social consciousness may be lower。In another era，The level of its economic development level is low and the development level of certain social consciousness may be higher。Actually，Not only a certain period of prosperity in a certain social consciousness form is not proportional to the general development of the social material foundation，And the development between different social consciousness forms in the same period is not an equivalent to the same amount。From the perspective of historical development，The level of economic development between different countries is not proportional to the level of the development level of certain social consciousness、Elastic。As Engels pointed out: "Economic backward countries can still play the first piano。”

Actually，The relative independence of ideology is the most prominent or most fundamental significance in which is to identify the desirable reaction of ideology on the economic foundation。According to the dialectics of history，The development of social history is the result bet365 live casino games of all factors based on economic factors to play a decisive role.。Ideology as a upper -level building as concept，A conscious activity of people created history in turn changes social material living conditions，is the main factors and creative factors in the process of social history。This constitutes a lively and duplex of social historical dialectics，It has also become a prominent contribution of Engels in his later years to ideological theory。

　　(This article is the major project of socialist ideology of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era of Xi Jinping in Beijing, "the study of the international influence and world significance of socialism with Chinese characteristics" (19LLZD12) in the staged achievement)

(Author Unit: College of Marxism, Renmin University of China)