Emotions are in life，Since ancient times，The basic value orientation of Chinese and foreign culture on emotions is to seek music，It is not only a human nature，It is also the value of value。In ancient China，This emotional appeal takes "music" as a centralized manifestation。Why did the ancients choose "Le" as an emotional appeal and purpose，Explore its rich connotation from its form of application may become a new path。The word "Le" looks more complicated in formal application，In addition to using "Le" alone，Also manifested as a number of close antonyms related to "Le"。"Le" and "Mourning", "Bitter", "Word", "Sadness" and other phases，and "Yue" and "Hi" are approaching，They and the connotation of expressed is different。I choose three groups of three groups of "Le"，Anyie and worrying、Le and bitter、Le and Yue，to indicate that "music" has a rich connotation，Is the purpose of emotional purpose，As a result, it exists as the emotional appeal of the highest value。

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worry，"Said the text" stated: "worry，Sorrow also。"" Erya · Shi "stated:" worry，Si Ye。"" "worry"，Pang Pu once divided the Confucian "worry" into two categories: "One is the external feeling，Is a material worry，From desire，External feelings are actually 'suffering'，First is the internal，Is a spiritual worry，Born in sex。"The classification and root of the worry are different，It is distinguished by the method of material and spiritual dual。Material worries are based on desire，It is manifested as the rich、rights、sound and other pursuit，The worries of the spirit are based on human nature，It is presented as concerns about the lack of personal virtue and society。

bet365 best casino games Sorry as one of the emotions or emotions，Life with Sorry "。"Zhuangzi · Zhile" pointed out "the life of people also，Life with Sorry "，Worry is accompanied by the production of the shape，As a sign of the body，If the subject cannot get rid of the restraint of the body，Worry is the norm of life。Since the worries are inherent，Therefore, living in the world，No matter what class of origin，What kind of identity，It is inevitable to worry。"Zhuangzi · Fisherman" take hundreds of officials as an example，From the world,，Bai Guanjue Lu is the world's happy yearning、Elimable，But Zhuangzi truly shows his "worry" side: up to Tianzi，down to 庶，Regardless of its official position and identity，When faced with worldly things，There is always unfinished anxiety，"Tianhuang Room Lu，Insufficient clothing and food，Rebirth is not a，Wife and concubine discord，Long and less disorder，The worries of the people;，Officials are dying，Unclear innocence，Under the group 怠 怠，National Fast，To hurt，The worries of the doctor are also;，National Fast，Working technique unfortunately，The tribute is not beautiful，From time to time for winter and summer，Not Shun Emperor，The worries of the princes are also; yin and yang discord，From time to time for winter and summer，To hurt，Princes Riot，Good -to -phase -like，With the people of the people，Human Lun is not 饬，Fortune use poor，Human Lun is not 饬，People are obscene，Emperor's worries "。From Zhuangzi's view，Various relationships in the world、Affairs, etc., all become tired of people，Become a stumbling of your own life or nature，will cause the subject to be lost、Lost to Vulgar，So worried。"The Analects of Confucius · Wei Ling Gong" shows that the worries are "near" and "far" in time to form their permanentness。

That's it，"worry" has Bet365 lotto review future -oriented。In Confucian culture，worry has a positive form，Pointing to a kind of sorrow，The affected is worry。Xu Fuguan once set the development driving force of Chinese culture and the Chinese nation as "Self -suffering consciousness"，What they worry about is a kind of dangerous、Sadness and vigorous alert consciousness，That's it，Only to prevent micro -Du Jie。If there is no future direction，"worry" and general sorrow and distress are not distinguished。

Sayle is often used as a pair of categories in pre -Qin，For this combination，Chen Shaoming once used the quotation in "Xunzi Tao" as an example.，Its purpose is: villain has a lifelong worry，No day of joy，A gentleman opposite，There is a life of life without a day of worry。For this，He pointed out: "，Not necessarily in the differences of objective conditions，It can also be or often due to the level of the realm。"So，In Confucian culture，worrying as a combination category is the attitude of the main life、Show of the realm of life，Gentleman "Happy Forgotten Words"，Villain "Forgetting Legal Ferry"。

Looking at the pre -Qin "worrying" group combination，It can be found that the two have two sides，First, they are emotional emotion as human，Is an unconscious emotion，Have negative。"Zhuangzi · deliberate" stated: "I don't worry about it，Dezhito "，From Zhuangzi's view，When you use it and worry,，Soyle as a short -term、Experienced emotions have negative damage to the virtue of nature，It is the representative of the emotion of the secular person。"Book of Rites · Music" also says: "Leji is worrying"，That is to communicate and transform between worries，As a low -level sensual material sexual emotion，worry can guide its opposite side。Second is the eloquent joy of spirituality。From the perspective of Confucianism，Both can be converted bet365 live casino games into positive mental motivation or spiritual comfort，Shape the spiritual character and national character of the Chinese people，Promote the progress and development of the nation。

　　Le and bitter

"Speaking" is released "Bitter" as "Big Bite Ling Ye"，Its meaning refers to a bitter dish，Its taste bitter，Therefore, derived into a taste experience。Confucian Taoism has different views on "bitterness"，Confucianism recognizes the two sides of "bitterness"，On the one hand, it is a negative pain emotion that people feel，For example, "Mencius Liang Hui Shang" pointed out that the cruel rule caused the people's physical and mental pain，"Le Suchi Lifetime Bitter，The fierce year is not unavoidable to death "; on the other hand," bitterness "can be transformed into a positive force of mind and spiritual grind，Promote the enhancement of will and the growth of personality，"Mencius · Under the Zizi" believes that it is necessary to bear the big name.，Lab and bones "，This mental "bitterness" plays a foundation role on the road of personality cultivation。And Taoism usually thinks，"Bitter" is a common emotion for worldly people，Mainly pointing to feelings that are not satisfied with material desire。From Zhuangzi's view，"Bitter" is the trapped of the world's subjects.，Mourning yourself，Damage to nature and life，"Better Gan Gan" in "Zhuangzi · Theft"，"Zhuangzi · Fisherman's Father" is "hard -working and dangerous" is reflected。But the world has no deep understanding of the suffering of harmfulness，What they care about is only the external psychological experience and experience。"Zhuangzi · Zhile" chapter shows the basis of the secular people with the material of the worldly world as the basis for bitterness。"Liezi Yang Zhu" also regards worry and suffering as the root of "ingenuity"，"worry" and "bitterness" in Taoist bet365 Play online games seemed to be damage to natural nature。

"Bittering" is also a pair of common categories，However, "bitterness" and "worrying" are different after all，Differences in the two pairs may be identified through the distinction between "bitterness" and "worry"，Based on the above analysis, it can be divided into the following points: First, "bitterness" focuses on the pain caused by objective objects or environment for itself、The psychological experience of hardship，"worry" will focus on the subject's psychological factors，There may not be objective factors that cause worry in reality，It is just a psychological concern。The second is "bitterness" is the real physical and mental encounter at the moment，"worry" includes a sense of alertness and concern about the future，More uncertainty。So，，"Bitter" instructions The real objective environment and situation that feels hard -bit，Psychological feelings or mental suffering in the pain in the heart。In this sense，"Le" refers to a happy and abundant objective situation，That is, the wealthy objective situation is the root cause of happy emotions，Unified two of them。

　　Le and Yue

For "Yue"，"Eria · Shi" stated: "Yue，Server "，If "Mencius Gongsun Ugly" states that "Central Yue and sincerity"，It represents the psychological experience of being happy and depends on。Some scholars think，The difference between "Le" and "Yue" is whether there is an inter -subjectivity，that is, "Yue" is only related to my own practice，‘Le’ is the world，The relationship between the so -called ‘subject sex’ ”。The first sentence of the first sentence from "The Analects of Confucius · Learning" is compared with the "music" of Xi Zhi's "Yue"。Learning and Xi is your own practical behavior，The subjective features，And friends as one of the relationship between human beings，Its important bet365 live casino games feature is the inter -subjectivity，Friendship -oriented friendship with "music" is true friendship。Of course，This understanding is limited to a single context，I did not fully restore the differences between the two from the classic text。

Also said，"Yue" is an inner psychological condition，"Le" is an external expression form。Obviously，This statement is inappropriate，"Le" actually has both inner happiness psychological experience，There is "unsatisfactory daily、Dance of the Hand "External expression form。For this，Study summarizes two points of distinction between the two: First, "Yue" is more focused on a specific event and situation，Is a shorter and more brief，Emotions that depend on external conditions occur，"Le" is more inclined to a stable emotional direction; the second is that "music" is a sufficient emotional driving force，and the joy of joy contained in "Yue"，Not enough to become a sufficient condition for promoting behavior。The distinction between these two points will specify a fact，The level of "Le" is obviously higher than "Yue"。Ma Wangdui Book "Five Elements" pointed out: "The gentleman's worries are not centered, but there is no centered wisdom，No centered wisdom, there is no centered pleasure，Anyone who has no center of heart，"From this we can know，Unhappy if you are not virtue。"From this we can know，The real "Yue" is not a purely sensual but irrational inner pleasure，Inner sincerity under the guidance of rational (wisdom); only on the basis of sincerity，can realize the peace of mind and heart。The comparison of "Yue" and "Le" can be seen，Although both represent the psychological experience of "happiness" and "pleasure"，But "Happy" is the highest form of "happy" and "pleasant" emotion，higher than "Yue" at the level。

Comprehensive，Through the brief comparison of "music", "worry", "bitterness", "joy", it can be explained，Bet365 app download "Le" shows the satisfaction of the real material level，also shows the spiritual realm of the subject。In Confucian，A reasonable and affordable attitude of the music of material，The joy of combination with morality as the core，The value pursuit of a gentleman; and Taoist，Material joy is the love of the sky，The real joy is "Music and Happy"，It takes the road or nature as the foundation，Emotional representation as a real person，In an attempt to get rid of the feelings of joy and sorrow，Realize "Tianle" and "Mei Le"。But no matter what，"Le" is always the emotional appeal and purpose of the ancients as the highest value。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)