The debate surrounding the issue of free bet365 casino bonus runs throughout the history of Western philosophy，Medieval scholastics were particularly rich in their elaborations。With the rediscovery of Aristotle’s philosophy，Scholasticism reached its peak in the 13th century。Scholars are in the process of using Greek philosophy to transform traditional Christian theories，On reason (nous) in "Nicomachean Ethics"、choice (proairesis)、The discussion of the relationship between hope (boulesis) produces a differentiated understanding。Aquinas、Scott and Ockham proposed three theories of free bet365 casino bonus based on their respective positions，And had a profound impact on later discussions on the issue of bet365 casino bonus。

　　Aquinas’ teleological doctrine of bet365 casino bonus

　　By distinguishing between the actions of hominis and the actions of humanae，Aquinas excludes from view physical movements that are natural necessity and actions driven by perceptual desires，Taking actors with reason and bet365 casino bonus and their practical actions as the starting point of ethics。Under the influence of this, scholastics gradually got rid of the discussion of value content stemming from personal preferences and specific cultural customs，Turn to examine moral actions from a more formal structure of human nature，And to the bet365 casino bonus (voluntas，The relationship between arbitrium and intellect has been explained in different ways。

Influenced by Aristotle’s practical teleology，Aquinas defines bet365 casino bonus as man’s “intellectual or rational desire” for the ultimate goal of happiness (eudaimonia)。bet365 casino bonus is part of reason，By its nature, it must point to the ultimate goal recognized by reason。On the ontological level，bet365 casino bonus is not self-caused，Intellect and the purpose recognized by reason are the initial and ultimate causes of action，The freedom of bet365 casino bonus must be reflected in the sequence of practical causality toward the goal。When talking about free choice，Aquinas sees freedom of choice (liberum arbitrium) as the result of rational judgment (ratione iudicium)，Therefore the bet365 casino bonus is a derivative link inherent in the entire intellectual activity。In order to avoid the accusation of determinism and to give the bet365 casino bonus agency，Aquinas uses the relationship between potential and actualization to explain actual free bet365 casino bonus: first，The indeterminacy of free choice lies in the agent's ability to understand different goods in a way that is not determined by material factors。Secondly，This indeterminacy allows actors to consider various actions in achieving their goals。final，Different from cognitive activities，The pursuit of good activities is controlled by the bet365 casino bonus，bet365 casino bonus can not only promote reason but also other abilities of the soul。Therefore，For Aquinas，Freedom of bet365 casino bonus potentially exists as a possibility，And become reality in empirical action。

　　Sctus’ anti-teleological criticism

The greatest difficulty in Aquinas’s doctrine lies in the conflict between free bet365 casino bonus and inevitable ultimate purpose，Although he admits that the bet365 casino bonus has the freedom to choose between multiple objects，But the bet365 casino bonus is fundamentally unable to escape the limitations of reason and the concept of the supreme good。To this，Sctus thinks，The essential relationship between bet365 casino bonus and reason makes the bet365 casino bonus only have conditional freedom，The determining effect of the purpose of happiness on the bet365 casino bonus bet365 casino bonus inevitably damage the purity of morality。Free bet365 casino bonus theory aims to provide an explanation of the possibility of morality，If freedom of bet365 casino bonus cannot be proved，Then moral practice bet365 casino bonus not be an act of freedom。

Although Scotus also admitted that moral action consists of intellectual judgment and willful choice，But the difference from Aquinas is，He regards judgment and choice as two relatively independent links。Cognition and judgment do not necessarily lead to willful choice behavior，The subject of practical action is free bet365 casino bonus，The role of reason is limited to presenting practical objects to the bet365 casino bonus for its choice。In order to make free choice not limited by reason and ultimate purpose，Scotus followed Anselm’s example and gave the bet365 casino bonus two different intrinsic tendencies: preference for good (welfare) (affectio commodi) and preference for justice (affectio iustitiae)。In addition，He opposed Aquinas’s intellectualist eudaimonism by distinguishing between natural goods and moral goods。Usually people rationally choose self-preservation and self-improvement，However, acts of selfless dedication and self-sacrifice demonstrate their moral value in ways that are clearly contrary to natural happiness。Therefore，Sctus on the one hand emphasizes that the active ability of the bet365 casino bonus comes from itself rather than from participation in the intellect，On the other hand, it also denies that happiness as the ultimate goal has strict moral value。Free bet365 casino bonus is by no means an empirical representation，But the practical principle of ontology，Denying this means that moral evaluations such as praise and condemnation of actions are relative，Because no matter what, actors bet365 casino bonus ultimately make the same choice。

　　Occam’s radical free bet365 casino bonus theory

As a voluntarist who opposes teleology，Occam’s position is undoubtedly closer to Scotus。But，Occam disagrees with Scotus’s stipulation that the bet365 casino bonus has two inherent tendencies。Since bet365 casino bonus itself is just a spontaneous force，Then the distinction between these two tendencies cannot come from the bet365 casino bonus itself，This kind of judgment and distinction is still based on reason。In addition，Sctus distinguishes reason and bet365 casino bonus and seems to defend freedom of bet365 casino bonus，But this distinction also adds new difficulties to explain the relationship between the two。Occam thinks，No matter which way the bet365 casino bonus chooses to take，As long as the bet365 casino bonus is recognized, it must accept the objects provided by reason，bet365 casino bonus is limited by certain certainties。So he emphasized，The real driving force of cognitive activities is bet365 casino bonus，Rather than an intellect or object outside the bet365 casino bonus。Occam thinks，The distinction between bet365 casino bonus and reason is based on the actor’s cognition and choice of actions。Based on the position of nominalism，He points out that this distinction does not mean that actors have two different active entities，bet365 casino bonus and reason are neither part of the relationship，It is not a relatively independent binary structure，They are but two faculties or modes of operation of the same mind。

The primary meaning of freedom of bet365 casino bonus is not freedom of choice，But the ability of self-determination。To this，Occam said: "The freedom I am talking about is the freedom to be neutral、The power to produce different effects by chance，In this way I can cause or not cause an effect，Without relying on any external changes in this power。”In other words，bet365 casino bonus is not to choose based on certain criteria after the object appears，But it itself actively determines whether the object is generated or not，The act of bet365 casino bonus is not the desire for a necessary object，The action itself is also the creation process of the object。Therefore，bet365 casino bonus bet365 casino bonus not be limited by certain norms，Rather, it is the legislative bet365 casino bonus itself；Its freedom does not consist in observance of prior laws，It is an act of proactive legislation。

The scholastic debate on free bet365 casino bonus was not forgotten with the end of the Middle Ages，On the contrary, it provides rich ideological resources for modern scholars to continue to elucidate the theory of bet365 casino bonus。Christian Wolff regards the intellectual-voluntaristic debate over the foundations of natural law that lasted until the middle of the 18th century as a continuation of the scholastic debate，He also made it clear that he was indebted to the teachings of Aquinas。Occam’s radical theory of bet365 casino bonus had a direct impact on empiricists such as Hobbes and Hume，The moral philosophy of Scotus was absorbed by Martin Luther，And indirectly participated in the theoretical shaping of Kant’s moral metaphysics。The affinity between modern philosophy and medieval thought has been revealed through the efforts of contemporary scholars，The bridging of the rift between ancient and modern thought and the elucidation of its gradual evolution not only create an opportunity to re-evaluate the value of scholasticism，At the same time, it also provides more sufficient theoretical resources for further clarification of modernity issues。

　(This article is part of the National Social Science Foundation’s major project “Research on the General History of Western Moral Philosophy” (12&DZ122) phased results)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Philosophy, Fudan University)