The debate on the issue of free will runs through the entire history of Western philosophy，Scholars of the Medieval Institute are particularly rich for this。With the re -discovery of Aristotle philosophy，13th -century the philosophy of the scriptures reached the state of prosperity。Scholars are in the process of drawing on the traditional theory of Christianity in Greek philosophy，About Nous、Selected (Proairesis)、The discussion between the relationship between the hopes (Boulesis) has a differentiated understanding。Aquina、Division and Okham proposed three kinds of free will doctrine based on their respective positions，and have a profound impact on the discussion of will in the future。

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　　By distinguishing the actions and human nature of human (Hominis)，Aquina will be eliminated from the field of physical movement and the action driven by emotional desires.，Action actors with rational and will as the starting point of ethics。Scholars of the Economics Academy have gradually got rid of the discussion of the value content from personal preferences and specific cultural customs.，Instead，and Voluntas，ARBITRIUM) and Intellectus are explained differently。

Affected by Aristotle'bet365 Play online games s Practical Objectives，Aquina defines the will as a "rational or rational desire"。Active will of will，In terms of its nature, it will inevitably point to the ultimate purpose of reasoning。At the level of existence，The will is not self -cause，Reason and the purpose recognized by reason is the beginning and ultimate cause of action，The freedom of will must be reflected in the practical causality sequence of the orientation purpose。When discussing free choice，Aquina will be regarded as the result of the rational judgment (Liberum Arbitrium) as a rational judgment，Therefore, the will is the derivative link of the entire rational activity。In order to avoid the accusations of the decision theory and give the will to the mobility，Aquina uses the potential and realization of the relationship to explain the actual free will: first，The non -decisiveness of the free choice is that the actor can understand the different good in the way that the actor can determine in the way of not being subject to material factors。Second，This non -decisive allows actors to consider taking a variety of different actions during the purpose of the purpose。Last，​​Different from cognitive activities，Pursuit of good activities is controlled by will，Will not only promotes the sense of sane, but can promote other abilities of the soul。So，For Aquina，Freedom of will as a possibility potentially exist，and become a reality in experience operations。

　　Criticism of the opposite eyes of the divisions

The biggest difficulty of Aquina theory is the conflict between the will of freedom and the inevitable ultimate purpose，Although he acknowledges the freedom to choose between multiple objects，But the will cannot get rid of the restrictions from the concepts of reason and the perfection。For this，Division thinks，The essential division of the will and rationality makes the will only be free，The decisive role of happiness for the purpose of happiness will inevitably damage the purity of morality。The theory of free will to provide a description for the possibility of morality，If it cannot be proved to be free，So moral practice will not be a free action。

The Division also acknowledges that moral actions are also composed of rational judgment and choice of will，But the difference from Aquina is，He regards judgment and selection as two relatively independent links。Cognition and judgment does not necessarily cause the choice of will，The main body of the practical action is free will，The role of reason is limited to presenting the practical object to the will of the will.。In order to make the freedom choice is not limited by reason and ultimate purpose，Division's de -efficiency Fa Anuselon gives two different internal tendencies: Affectio Commodi and Affectio IustiEiae。other，He oppose Aquina's rationalism and happiness theory by distinguishing between natural and moral good。Usually people rationally Bet365 lotto review choose self -preservation and self -improvement，However, selfless dedication and self -sacrifice behavior is to show its moral value。So，Division of Division, on the one hand, emphasizes the initiative of will from itself rather than from the scores of rationality，On the other hand, it also denies that happiness has strict moral value as the ultimate purpose。Freedom will not experience appearance，Instead of practical principles of ontology，Decisure this means that moral evaluations such as praise and condemnation of action are relative，Because no matter what the actor will eventually make the same choice。

　　Okham's radical free will theory

As a willist as an opposition theory，Okham's position is undoubtedly closer to each of the Division。but，Okham does not agree with the provisions of the divisions that have two inherent tendencies for their will。Since the will itself is just a spontaneous power，Then the distinction between these two tendencies cannot be based on the will，This judgment and difference are still out of reason。other，The distinction between the divisions of the divisions and the wisdom and will seem to defend the freedom of will，But this distinction adds new difficulties to explain the relationship between the two。Okham thinks，No matter what the choice of will, the method is taken，As long as you acknowledge your will, you will inevitably accept the object provided by the wisdom，Will will be limited by some certainty。Bet365 lotto review Therefore, he emphasized，The real motivation of the cognitive activity is the will，instead of rationality or object outside of will。Okham thinks，The distinction between will and rationality is based on the different cognition and choice of action of the actor。Position based on only famous theory，He pointed out that this distinction does not mean that the actor has two different activity entities，Will and rationality are neither a relationship，Not a relatively independent dual structure，They are just two abilities or operations of the same mind。

The primary meaning of freedom of will not be free，but the ability of self-determination。For this，Okham said: "The freedom I said is a kind of neutral、Occasionally real estate produce different effects for power，In this way, I can cause or does not cause the effect，instead of relying on any change in this power。"" In other words，The will is not selected according to a certain standard after the object appears，Instead, it actively determines the generation of the object or not generated，Will action is not the desire for a certain inevitable object，The action itself is the creative process of the object。So，Will will not be limited by a certain specification，It is rather to say that it is the will of legislation (legislative will); its freedom is not in obeying the law first，Instead of acting as active legislation。

Scholars of the scholar of the scholars on the bet365 best casino games will of freedom have not been forgotten with the end of the Middle Ages，Instead, it provides rich ideological resources for modern scholars to explain the theory of will.。Christian Wolff (Christian Wolff) will continue until the middle of the 18th century about the foundation of natural law foundation and will as a continuation of scholars' debate，He also explicitly stated that he benefited from Aquina’s doctrine。Okham's radical will of will have a direct impact on Hobbes and Hume and other empirical scholars，and the moral philosophy of the Si Du was absorbed by Martin Luther，and indirectly participate in the theoretical shape of Kant morality and school。The friendship of modern philosophy and medieval thought is revealed under the efforts of contemporary scholars，Subsidity of the breakdown of ancient and modern thoughts and the clarification of its gradual evolution not only created an opportunity to revise the philosophical value of the hospital，At the same time, it also provides a better theoretical resources for further clarification of modernity issues。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the History of Western Moral Philosophy" (12&DZ122) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Fudan University)