Normative (normativity) is the basic feature of human activities，Separate people from animals。It takes the rules -understand the rules -reflection rules as the key，Activities characterized by "should", "reason" and "intention"。From the perspective of evolutionary psychology，Children recognize the internalization of "we (we)" in culture，Let children self -use their beliefs and actions in a standardized way，The direction of Fan Dao is the collective standard and morality of the collective acceptance of the group，That is reason and responsibility。From the philosophical point of view，The reason why people can use concepts to experience，Create the rules and follow the rules，Make a commitment and bear responsibility，Expand reasoning and make judgments，It is because "we are accepting the restriction，It is a person who obeys a better reason for a better reason。This power is a standardized power，A rational 'should'。Reason for rationality，It is restricted by these specifications or jurisdictions，It lies in the authority of the reason "。

　　bet365 best casino games

Philosophy thinking centered on standardized，The physical knowledge about things in the mainstream tradition of Western philosophy、Empirical knowledge about things、Compared with the speculative knowledge about common phases，Reflected the purpose of the purpose、Great differences in the goals and methods，At the same time, it also indicates the steering of the focus of philosophy and the base point: from the inquiry of mystery and principles to thinking about obeying the rules; from the construction of rational knowledge to the defense of reason space; The main body of responsibility centered on action; from the first person's "I think" subject to the public language community of the public; from the descriptor of bet365 best casino games the third person to the second person's point of view、Reason and ability，etc.。These shifts are clearly began in Kant philosophy，But it has always been the potential flow of Western philosophical traditions。In -depth research on standardization，is the concern of contemporary philosophy，Especially reflected in Yuan Ethics、In the field of legal philosophy and social philosophy。Specifically，For the essence of normativeity、Study on standard facts and general value，For language、meaning、Cognition、Normal thinking of faith and cause and effect，For moral、Law、Market and other institutional facts and regulatory discussion of abstract rules，The main content of becoming the study of contemporary normative issues。

German classical philosophy, although it has not explicitly proposed the theme of the philosophy of standardization，But in fact, it plays a foundation role in the stubborn growth of standardized philosophy in the 20th century。Husser has clearly made the norm as an important theme for its attention。Analysis of the philosophy world，The upsurge of normative research comes from Cripk's discussion on Wittgenstein and abide by the rules of the rules，Dana's research on "reason space" has actually seized the core concept of standardization。Since the 1990s，The influence of Macrodor and Brandon，Making standardized issues becomes an important philosophical growth point，In Nordic、UK、Research town of standardized problems in the United States and other places，Study research on cross -domains is also sprung up like rainy after the rain，Wei is a big view。From the norm of meaning and content to cognitive normative，From intentional normative to the standardization of action，The concept or problem of normativeity has penetrated into the philosophy of spiritual philosophy outside language philosophy、Action Philosophy、Scientific Philosophy、Cognitive Science、Ethics and jurisprudence。The essence of standardization、bet365 Play online games Source of standardization、Specific effectiveness、Code of preview demonstration、Specifications such as specifications and naturalism and causalism，The main problem of becoming a regulatory problem study。

In the study of standardized issues，Yuan Ethics、Law philosophy and social philosophy are the three most prominent areas。In the field of meta ethics，In -depth research on the core vocabulary of moral statements，Repeated discussion on the problem of "yes" and "should" fractures，About the tug of war about naturalism and anti -naturalism in the moral field，The disputes that all make the normative problems are becoming increasingly fierce。In the field of law philosophy，Hans Kelsen's pure legal theory and the controversy between institutional law，The confrontation between legal empiricalism and anti -activeism，Make problems between different types of facts and specifications increasingly prominent: descriptive facts as a practice of determining legal content，Is it the only decision to legal content? Or does the legal content depend on normative or evaluated facts?，John Series's institutional facts theory、Margaret Gilbert's social factual theory，Not only has the attention of behavior science and cognitive psychology on logicism and normism，And ignited the research boom of social existence theory。

It can be said，The normative steering of contemporary Western philosophy is reflected in the profound attention of normative issues at the basic theoretical level，so as to make the overall and basic research of normative philosophy, the desire to come out。This standardized steering no longer continues to adhere to facts and value、Description and specification、In fact, and Ying Rang's completely two points，All rational activities、Reasonable thinking is action，All must follow the logical reasoning to varying degrees、The use of concepts、Specifications of language activities。We are not only restricted by causality、Equity of physical facts，More importantly, bet365 Play online games the activity is in the field of standardization，and standardization is the place where freedom is。This standardized steering no longer allows philosophy to adhere to the mission and responsibility of natural science，No longer targeting various types of certainty knowledge，Instead of understanding、Explanation、Creative Practical Philosophy。The work of this practical philosophy is to transform the norms implied in various types of science and various activities into public、Clear expression，Clear interpretation in the fundamental sense is to make expression with proposition content，Basic steps in the language game of giving and asking for reasons。This standardized steering allows philosophy to be seduced by the absolute rationality that is no longer abstracted or surpassed by abstraction，but focusing on social、Historical、Conceptual speech reasoning practice，Give up without the premise "My Thinking"、The "main body" without a speechless context、Naturalism everywhere to restore the road，Instead of paying attention to the historical formation and recognition process of various abstract rules，Follow the language practical ability with the premise of the language community，Reasons for turning from natural logic space to action space，Strive to be clearer、More fully understanding human practical activities and ability。

　　Contemporary normative philosophy gradually forms a unique problem domain

Normality is everywhere，For everywhere human practical behavior and conceptual activity，All involve understanding、Promise、Evaluation、Defense、Acknowledge、Specific activities such as recognition。Therefore，Specifications are the basic features of human activities，Normal elements are both practical and ability，Especially the content contained in the practice of speech，It is also presets hidden in such activities。Normative requirements also reflect the dual attributes of the moral and modal，Both involve commitment、"Should" bet365 Play online games and "must"，It also involves the inevitable and possible。Further say，Freedom is both standardized requirements，It is also guaranteed and expanded in standardized。Speaking，The thinking of normative philosophy is different from the veins and vocabulary in the mainstream tradition of Western philosophy，Instead, it is necessary to gradually form your own problem domain and discourse system in the map of contemporary philosophy and knowledge。The structure of this problem domain includes the following five aspects。

First，General inspections of normative concepts，Explain the basic structure of normativeity。This work is concentrated in the following three items: the possible category of standardization，If the normative and regulatory theory of the intermediary, etc.;，Whether the normativeity does not require the foundation to directly depend on rational spontaneity，Or the foundation in public rationality and social practice。This is a very critical issue for understanding the standardization; clarify a series of two -point method involving normativeity，The distinction between descriptive and standardized，Division of facts and values，Distinction between acceptance and spontaneousness。

2，Classification and characteristics of standardized vocabulary。The basic feature of the normative statement is that it contains normative vocabulary，Especially the "good", "should", "reason", "reason", which lives in the center of morality and practice in the philosophy of morality and practice。Classification of standardized statements from vocabulary，And the logic vocabulary、Modern vocabulary compare，Inspect the substantial connection of modular and standardized modes、The relationship between rationality and standardization is important。

third，Normal entity and normative facts of facts。We are in a standardized world，Everyone where there are people，There are specifications，From words to behavior，From faith to the law，bet365 best casino games Under the standardized binding force。Whether there is a standardized facts、attributes and relationships? if it exists，Are they incompetent? If moral facts、Value facts and other realistic views of real arguments are established，Is the standardism of the norms? Can the regulatory and anti -truthful position be defended?。

Fourth，The norm of meaning and cognition of meaning。Make a meaningful judgment.，That is to say what a certain thing means is making a rule。But the signs of significance are still not clear enough。The normality of meaning is obviously different from moral normative，and related to the issue of rules。Cognitive specifications mainly involve the status and based on cognitive specifications and based on，Especially questions related to cognitive evaluation。

Fifth，Normalism and lyricism and anti -standardism。This basic problem has substantial significance for standardized philosophy，Because it is located at the center of contemporary controversy about normativeity。On the one hand，Anti -normativeism like various naturalism、Causeism、The powerful refutation of expressionism，Whether the specifications can be strongly defended，Therefore, it is affirmed that the existence of the standard entity does not need to perform metaphysics or causal restoration。The existence of normativeity at the same time does not require a preset world of standardized world (ghost world)，Normality is cognitive、Logic、The existence of its own existence in language and system。On the other hand，We need to explain how normative can become our cognition、Motivation and the highest principle of behavior of will; how can we recognize these cognitions、Motivation and Acts of will are suitable in some situations，while in other situations is inappropriate; how can we be appropriate、Speaking correctly or effectively、Thinking and Action, etc.。This needs to provide a standardized talk、Semantic description of thinking bet365 live casino games and action。Last，Is the normative truth exist? What does the answer to the normative question contains correctness and errors?

Studies in the five aspects of the above five aspects can roughly outline the essence and structure of the normative nature。Of course，Studies in these five aspects，Can't be regulated with legal specifications、Moral specifications、Social Standards、Study separation in the fields of scientific norms。Actually，Specific philosophy is precisely combined with the specified research of the specific human activity field，can it highlight the importance of normative philosophy。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy at Beijing Normal University)