Ethics is the study of what ought to be，Any ethics is ultimately about explaining an action through evaluative concepts、One rule、Why a system should or should not be like this，So how to behave、Provide guidance on how to behave。This kind of ethics that directly provides guidance for people's behavior is called normative ethics。Normative ethics is based on the different basic concepts it adopts，Can be divided into consequentialism、Deontology and Virtue Ethics。The so-called basic concepts refer to concepts in a theoretical system that are used to explain other concepts but do not themselves need to be explained by other concepts，For example, consequentialism mainly uses "good" or "good consequences" as the basic concept to explain concepts such as "legitimacy" and "wrongness"，Deontology uses "rightness" and "duty" as the basic concepts to explain concepts such as "good" and "virtue"，Virtue ethics uses the specific concept of virtue as the basic concept to explain concepts such as "right" and "good"。Which research approach and normative ethics Confucian ethics belongs to is a controversial issue，This article attempts to explain: First，bet365 offer not consequentialist ethics；Second，bet365 offer not deontology in the Kantian sense；Third，bet365 offer a kind of virtue ethics；Fourth，bet365 offer a kind of emotionalistic virtue ethics that is different from Aristotelianism。

The non-consequentialist character of bet365 offer an obvious fact。The basic spirit of Confucianism is “righteousness is supreme”。Mencius said: "The great man，Don’t believe what you say，Nothing will come of it，The only place of justice。”“Only righteousness lies” highlights the theoretical nature of Confucian ethics that does not take consequences as the main consideration。In addition，Mencius also said: "生，Whatever I want；righteousness，Whatever I want，You can’t have both，Those who sacrifice their lives for righteousness。"Dong Zhongshu said: "A man is a benevolent person，True friendship rather than profit，Know the way without counting the merits。"Cheng Yi said: "It is very small to starve to death，Great breach of integrity。"These statements by Confucian thinkers clearly show that bet365 offer a non-consequentialist ethics。

It is precisely because of the non-consequentialist characteristics of Confucian ethics，People tend to think of it as a form of deontology。However，Since any ethical norm can be regarded as an obligation in some sense，Therefore，Any normative ethics can be regarded as deontology in a certain sense。The difference between the three major approaches to normative ethics is not whether they propose a deontology，But what kind of evaluative concept they use as the basic concept of their deontology。Deontology can be Kantian deontology with categorical imperative or obligation as the basic concept，It can also be a consequentialist deontology based on the basic concept of good behavioral consequences，It can also be the deontology of virtue ethics with specific virtues as the basic concept。So，The key to the question is: in what sense is Confucian ethics deontology？Already explained before，bet365 offer non-consequentialist，Therefore，It cannot be a consequentialist deontology。Then，Is it deontology in the Kantian sense？It depends on whether it is an obligation、Categorical imperative as the basic concept of its ethics。“Only what is right” does not mean taking “obligation” as the basic concept of ethics。The "Five Ethics" of Confucianism does stipulate different obligations between different people，But they are first and foremost virtue norms for the inner state of the agent。"The Great Learning" says: "Being a king stops at benevolence，Being a minister should only be respectful，For the son of man, stop at filial piety，Being a father ends with kindness，We only have letters of communication with our countrymen。”The three ethical relationships here are monarch and minister、Father and son、Friend，The ethical norms they involve are such as benevolence、Respect、filial piety、kindness、Xin etc.，Obviously they are all virtue norms related to quality。"Liyun" lists ten obligations of people，"Father's kindness，Zixiao，Brother Liang，Di Titi，Huyi，Wo Ting，Changhui，Youshun，Jiren，Chen Zhong；The ten are called human righteousness"。Congci、filial piety、good、Ti、righteousness、Listen、Shun、仁、Look at these keywords，Although these ten obligations are also behavioral norms，That is, requiring actors to reflect corresponding qualities in their actions，But they are first and foremost virtue norms concerning the inner state of the agent。

It is precisely because the ethical norms of Confucian ethics are rooted in virtue norms，Therefore，bet365 offer a kind of virtue ethics。Confucianism advocates "managing the world for practical purposes" and "cultivating one's moral integrity and harmonizing one's family"，The purpose is to "govern the country and bring peace to the world"，Building an ideal society。This ideal society is mainly realized through the evaluative concept in the Confucian ideological system，The evaluative concept of Confucianism is mainly the concept of virtue。The Confucian concept of virtue can be divided into two categories，One type is the character concept that stipulates the ideal personality，Ruren、righteousness、Ceremony、智、Xin etc.，One category is the concept of virtuous people representing ideal personality，Like a gentleman、Yao、Shun、Yu、The late king and others。In addition，Confucianism also adopts other normative concepts that at first glance do not appear to be characteristic of virtue，Ruli、Heart、道、days、王、Ba etc.，These normative concepts that contain the meaning of what should or should not be can be passed through the concept of virtue mentioned above，And finally explained according to the most fundamental concept of virtue, that is, the "heart of the four ends"。For example，Mencius’ concepts such as “king” and “hegemony” are explained through concepts such as “unbearable heart” and “benevolence”。Mencius said: "Everyone has a heart that cannot bear others。The late king was intolerant，This is a government that cannot tolerate others。With unbearable heart，Practice intolerable policies，The palm of your hand that can govern the world。"This passage presupposes the appropriateness and rationality of "unbearable heart"，Then use it to explain the appropriateness and rationality of the "Intolerance Policy"。Mencius also said: "The way of Yao and Shun，It’s just filial piety。”Yao、Shun was a wise king in ancient times，Represents a virtuous person，Mencius used these concepts of virtue to explain the "Tao" of ethical norms，Thus giving "Tao" a certain appropriateness、Reasonability。It can be seen from this，bet365 offer mainly a kind of virtue ethics with the concept of virtue as the basic concept。

bet365 offer not just a virtue ethics，It is also a kind of virtue ethics that is different from Western Aristotelianism。Western virtue ethics can be roughly divided into two categories，One type is the virtue ethics of eudaimonism，such as Aristotelianism、Stoicism、Nietzschean virtue ethics, etc.，One type is emotionalism virtue ethics，Such as British moral emotionalism in the 18th century, etc.。The former understands positive virtues as psychological habits that can promote the personal happiness of the virtue owner，It involves happiness、Rational measurement and calculation of interests，Thus belongs to rationalist virtue ethics；The latter advocates that any virtue or ethical norm ultimately depends on our conscience or moral sense，Rather than the rationality of knowing the truth and falsehood of the external world，Thus it belongs to irrationalist virtue ethics。Confucian virtue ethics obviously belongs to the latter。According to Mencius’ point of view，Other ethical virtues，Ruren、righteousness、Let、Ceremony、Zhi et al.，All originate from the heart of the four ends。Zhu Xi believes that the heart of the four ends can be summed up as the heart of compassion，"Right and Wrong、Cixun、Shame，Although it is said together with compassion，But these three all come from compassion。Because of compassion，There are only three of them”。“The heart of compassion” is also called “the heart of intolerance” or “the heart of fear”，Essentially, it refers to the instinctive psychological reaction of a moral subject when he sees others experiencing misfortune or being in danger，As if you feel the same pain as the victim or have an involuntary feeling of pity for the victim，The former is equivalent to what Western moral emotionalism calls "empathy"，The latter is similar to what Hume and others call "sympathy"。Therefore，The heart of the four ends is actually the love of the four ends，The heart of compassion is actually the feeling of compassion。Confucianism is often called "the study of benevolence"。“Benevolence” is the core concept of Confucian virtue ethics，Confucius once explained the essence of "benevolence" as "loving others"，Mencius further explained this kind of benevolence as compassion、Unbearable，This clearly shows that Confucian virtue ethics is actually a kind of moral emotionalism virtue ethics with compassion as its ultimate basis。

Confucianism is to a large extent a summary and summary of human nature，It contains the observation and experience of human moral psychology and emotions。The creative work of the Confucian sages lies in not only finding and discovering the psychological basis of human bet365 offer and moral concepts，And starting from this, we understand human moral and ethical order as a kind of order from the beginning、Innate psychological reaction，The natural development process that gradually develops and expands to the entire social order，Thus forming a moral emotionalism with unique Chinese characteristics。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project "Research on Chinese bet365 offer Emotional and Rational Thought" (18BZX084)

(Author’s unit: Department of Philosophy, Nanjing Normal University)