Ethics is the learning of the reason to study，Any ethics is in the final analysis to explain a behavior through the concept of evaluation、A rule、Why should a system be like this or not like this，So how to be a person、How to provide guidance。Ethics that provides guidance directly for people's behavior is called normative ethics。Standard ethics based on the different basic concepts it adopted，Can be divided into consequences、Obligation theory and German ethics。The so -called basic concept refers to a concept that is used in a theoretical system to explain other concepts without other concepts，If consequences are mainly based on "good" or "good consequences" as the basic concept to explain the concepts of "legitimacy" and "errorism"，Obligation theory is based on "legitimate" and "obligation" as the basic concept to explain the concepts of "good" and "virtue"，virtue ethics is based on the specific concept of virtue as the basic concept to explain the concepts such as "right" and "good"。Confucian ethics is a regulatory ethics of ethics. Ethics is a controversial question，This article tries to explain: First，Confucian ethics is not ethics of consequences; second，Confucian ethics is not the theory of obligation in the sense of Kantian; third，Confucian ethics is a virtue; fourth，Confucian ethics is an emotional German ethics that is different from Aristoterism。

Non -consequences of Confucian ethics are a obvious facts。The basic Bet365 lotto review spirit of Confucianism is "righteousness"。Mencius said: "Adults，No need to believe，You don't have to bear it，Where is the meaning of Yi Yi。"" "Only Righteousness" is highlighting the theoretical nature of Confucian ethics as the main consideration。other，Mencius also said: "Sheng，Yisha also wants; righteousness，You also want to，The two are not available，Those who are born to give birth to righteousness also。"Dong Zhongshu said:" Fujun people，The friendship is unprepared，It is clear that it does not care about it。"Cheng Yi said:" It's very small to starve to death，Lost troubles are great。"These claims of Confucian thinkers clearly show that Confucian ethics is an unconnected ethics。

It is precisely because of the non -consequentism characteristics of Confucian ethics，People often regard it as an obligation theory。But，Because any ethical specifications can be regarded as an obligation in a sense，So，Any regulatory ethics can be regarded as an obligation theory in a sense。The difference between normative ethics is not because they have proposed an obligation theory，and what kind of evaluation concepts do they use as the basic concept of their obligation theory。Obligation theory can be a Kant -style obligation theory with the basic concept of absolute command or obligation，It can also be the consequenceist obligation of the concept of good behavior as the basic concept，It can also be a virtue of virtue with specific virtues as the basic concept。So，The key is: what is the bet365 live casino games obligation theory of Confucian ethics? I have explained earlier，Confucian ethics，So，It cannot be a voluntary theory of consequences。So，Is it the obligation theory in Kantism? This depends on whether it is obligations、Absolute command as the basic concept of its ethics。"Only Righteousness" does not mean that "obligation" is used as the basic concept of its ethics。Confucian "Wu Lun" indeed stipulates different obligations between different people，But they are first of all the virtues of the inner state of the actor。"University" says: "To be a monarch to be benevolent，Stop by the minister，To be the son of the man to be filial piety，Father to stop in love，Pass with the Chinese to stop in the letter。"The three ethical relationships here is the monarch and minister、Father and son、Friend，The ethical specifications involved in the ethical specifications、Jing、filial piety、Ci、Letter, etc.，Obviously all are the virtue specifications related to quality。"Rites" lists ten people's obligations，"Father Ci，Zixiao，Changhui，Brother 悌，Fuyi，Women listening，Changhui，Youshun，Junren，Chen Zhong; Ten people say the righteousness of people "。Congci、filial piety、Good、悌、Yi、Listening、Shun、Ren、Faithful words in these keywords，Although these ten obligations are also behavioral specifications，That is to request the actor to reflect the corresponding quality in the action，But they are first of all about the virtue specifications of the actor's inner state。

bet365 live casino games It is because of the ethical norms of Confucian ethics.，So，Confucian ethics is a virtue。Confucianism advocates "use the world" and "self -cultivation Qi family"，The purpose is to "rule the country and the world"，Build an ideal society。This ideal society is mainly realized through the evaluation concepts in the Confucian ideological system，Confucian evaluation concept is mainly the concept of virtue。Confucian virtue concept can be divided into two categories，One category is the characteristic concept of specified ideal personality，Ren Ren、Yi、Li、Zhi、Letter, etc.，One category is the concept of people who represent the ideal personality，Ru gentleman、Yao、Shun、Yu、Wang Wang, etc.。other，Confucianism also uses other normative concepts that do not have virtue characteristics at first at first at first glance，Ruli、Heart、Tao、Sky、Wang、霸，These normative concepts that should be or should not be implicated can be through the virtue concept mentioned earlier，and finally explained according to the most fundamental virtue concept, that is, the "Heart of the Four End"。For example，Mencius's "king" and "bully" and other concepts are explained through the concepts of "unbearable heart" and "benevolent"。Mencius said: "Everyone has the heart of unbearable people。The first king has the heart of people who can't bear people，Sri Lanka's unbearable politics。I can't bear the heart of people，Unbearable politics，The palm that can be transported by Bet365 lotto review the world。"This passage presets the response and rationality of" unbearable heart "，Then use it to explain the response and rationality of "unbearable government"。Mencius also said, "The way of Yao Shun，Just filial piety。"Yao、Shun is the ancient king of ancient times，It represents people with virtues，Mencius uses these virtues to explain the "Tao" of ethical norms，so that "Tao" has some kind of response、Reasonable。This can be seen，Confucian ethics is mainly a virtue with virtue concept as the basic concept。

Confucian ethics is not just a virtue，and it is still a German ethics that is different from Western Aristotronism。Western German ethics can be roughly divided into two categories，One is the virtue of happiness in happiness，Ruyasodism、Stoia School、Nietzsianist German, etc.，One is emotional virtue，such as British moral emotionalism in the 18th century。The former understands the positive virtue as a psychological habit that can promote the personal happiness of virtue，Among them, it involves about happiness、Reasoning and calculation of interests，Therefore, it is a German ethics of rationalism; the latter advocates any virtue or ethical norms in the final analysis depending on our conscience or morality，Not the rationality of knowing the true and false of the outside world，Therefore, it is an irrational German ethics。Confucian virtue ethics obviously belongs to the latter。According to Mencius's point of view，Other ethical virtue specifications，Ren Ren、Yi、Jean、Li、Zhiwen，All from the heart of the four ends。Zhu Xi believes Bet365 app download that the heart of the four ends can be attributed to the heart of ingenuity，"right and wrong、Ci Xun、Shame，Although it is with 恻，But all these three are sent out。Because there is a concealment，Fang has these three "。"The Heart of Confusion" is also called "the heart of the unbearable" or "the heart of the alert"，In essence, it refers to the instinct psychological response that the moral subject sees unfortunately encounter or is in crisis，It seems that I feel the same pain as the victim or have an involuntary compassion for the victim，The former is equivalent to the "empathy"，The latter is similar to "sympathy" that Hume and others said。So，The heart of the four ends is the love of the four ends，The heart of the ingenuity is the feelings of the concealment。Confucianism is often called "benevolence"。"Ren" is the core concept of Confucian German ethics，Confucius once interpreted the essence of "benevolence" as "lover"，Mencius further explained this kind of benevolence as a concubine、Unbearable heart，This clearly shows that Confucian virtue is a German ethics that is based on the emotional emotional emotionalism.。

Confucianism is largely summarized and summarized by the common sense of people，It contains observation and experience of human moral psychological emotions。The creative work of Confucian sages is: not only finding out and discovering the psychological basis of human ethics and moral concepts，and from this starting to understand the moral ethics order of human beings as a one Bet365 app download from the original、Inherent psychological response，The natural development process that gradually develops and expands to the entire social order，This has formed an unique moral emotionalism with Chinese characteristics。

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(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Nanjing Normal University)