"Agent with Li" as the ideological heritage of Qianjia Xinyin science，It is a sign of the Qing Dynasty from "science" to "ritual"，It is also a classic concept of the research field of academic thought in the Qing Dynasty。The 1990s to date，Most scholars on both sides of the Taiwan Strait represented by Taiwanese scholar Zhang Shouan believe that "the agent with etiquette" is proposed by Ling Tingkan (1757-1809)，It has become a common sense now。But，Chen Juyuan、Ye Guoliang advocated that Ling Tingkan did not explicitly propose this concept，Nuclear Inspection "Collection of School Auditors", "Collection of Poetry of the School", "Explanation of the Classics", "Yuan Yishan Chronicle", "Plum Bian Dundian", "Yanle Kao Yuan" all books，I did not see the word "agent with etiquette"，evidence of Chen、Ye's words are not false，Therefore, the relationship between "agency with etiquette" and Ling Tingkan is indispensable。

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Everyone who admires etiquette and the health of the critical science，Ling Tingkan advocates courtesy is a solid learning，Science is the learning of emptiness。Many scholars believe that he will use "Li Xue" on behalf of "science"，"Practical Studies" on behalf of "virtual studies"，Because of this academic style that Ling's seeking truth and truth。but，When we start with Ling Ting's thoughtful development of the inner reasoning road，Jump out of the inertia thinking of "Li Xue -Science"，Interpretation structure of "Shengxue -Zen -Confucianism -Rites" is used，Sort by the relationship between "holy science and meditation", "Zen science and science" and "science and etiquette"bet365 best casino games ，Discovering the understanding and interpretation of Ling Ting's academic thoughts and explanations remains to be discussed。

Isn't Ling Ting's Confucianism of the Six Classics，but an expert in the "Book of Li Jing"。Qianlong 44 years (1779)，He clearly put forward the idea of ​​sage in "Different Zhi Fu" in the view of the Six Classics，advocating the "Six Classics" should be centered on "Li"，Unknown "Li" cannot penetrate other classics，The so -called "Confucian Unknown" Li "，Six nationality are at a loss。Gou Gao here，self -confidence。Unknown sacrifice system，"Luo Yan" why is it interpreted。Unknown Palace House，"Gu Ming" why is it passed on。Unknown "There are Schola"，Anzhi "Chuz"。Unknown "Big Shooting Instrument"，Anneng Shi Bin Bian。Unknown 盥 盥，"Yi" Xiangxiang Research。Unclear hiring and 觐，"Spring and Autumn" penetrate "。Standing in the age of the year，His "starting power is the scripture，Live for a long time，The reason for the same difference between the same difference between the same difference between the same difference，Gai Xuanfu's destiny and Yi is extremely out of the world，Shin Fei Great Saint cannot do it "。The Book of Li Jing is just by the sage，Naturally, it should be the Terrace of Jinliang and the way of exploring the saints。Ling Tingkan not only studied the "Book of Li Jing" for more than 20 years，Five Easy Manuscripts formed "The Classic Explanation Example"，Also made a faint hair micro，Pushing ritual，Written three articles in "Reunion"，Writing "Good and Evil", "Said of Shen Du Ge", "The Analects of Confucius"，I realize the sage's way。The Word of the Holy Seeing the Words of the saints，The words of the sage are contained in the book of the sage，The Book of the Sage "The Analects of Confucius" Constant Word "Li"，Therefore, "Li" is a way to explore the way of sage。

　　"Saint" and "Zenology" compete for "science"

In the process of the development of holy scholarship，Buddhism began to be introduced into China from the Eastern Han Dynasty，Zen learning。Zen learning、Word，Far in the first of heaven and earth，Different from the discrimination of qi，But the theory of the mind cannot be seen。The Word of the Holy Man is not，It is a etiquette、Equipment，Section Heart、"Rites" can be witnessed，The so -called "Crown Drinking Drink，If you have something to follow;，There are instruments to be able to case;，There are things to be available "。"Yi · Department Ci" said: "The metaphysical way is the way of the top，Settlement and lower part of the device。"Zen science can be described as the learning，Scholarship in the shape of scholars，Because "the way of the sage is about‘ ritual ’, those who are also，It is true; those who are outside the heresy are also ‘ritual’.，Empty Nothing "。This "heresy" is the "Zen science" that Ling Tingkan criticized.。

Duanxu of "Confucianism and Division Aid"，Open it due to the continuous impact of the scholarship in Zen science，In order to defend the sage's way，Song Ru rising up to fight against it。Zen science has the advantage of "deep and deep"，Song Ruru is deeply guilty because of the way of saints as meditation，Quoting the language of Shi Shi "Director"，Slightly degenerate，The last words of the sage，"My saints already have one of this deep and slightly slightly slightly slightly fir"，And with a shorter victorious mentality than a shorter victory, "By‘ Heart ’as sex，Not as good as me, "。Ling Tingkai recognizes the behavior of this kind of "reason" into "holy science" on the surface of Chonglong Saint，In fact, it is degradation of the sage's way，Because the original intention of Song Confucianism is to be different，The result bet365 best casino games is caught in the mud of Zen science and cannot extricate itself，All say "Director"，It says "Mingde" in "University" says "with public reason to should be all things"，Saying "good" says "Of course the extreme"，Saying "grid" says "the principle of poor things"; "The Golden Mean" said "Taoist" said "Taoist，Of course the reason for daily use "; in the Analects of Confucius," Knowing "said" to reach the matter "，Say "benevolent" says "safe and righteousness"，Saying "The failure to believe in Wu Si" said "Sri Lanka refers to this"，Say "I don't know" "" I don't know what to do "，Say "Knowing" said "Knowing enough to know this"，Therefore, I said with emotion: "Sigh Song Confucianism，All Shi Shi Zen。"" Confucianism "then formed in the process of winning the" holy science "and" Zen science "，and have "it is easy to enter，It is easy to enable，Taking the learning as a contempt，Academic features that use empty talk as the essence "。Under the influence of science，Scholars in the Song Dynasty not only "virtuousness，Unrealistic seeking "" to the theory of holding the theory is more errors，Also set the code to make the post -life unknown Confucian，Singing mind is high to make the Taoist Taoist。

Zen、Institute of science caused the empty talk and academic emptiness since the Song and Ming dynasties，It caused a strong dissatisfaction of Ling Tingkan。He not only referred to Zen is heresy，Even science is regarded as Zen，Frequent "after Luomin，Name of Holy Studies，Actually Zen science "。Facing the impact of Zen science on the holy science、Confusion of Practic of Science，Ling Tingkan's approach is puzzling，He did not directly the same meditation、AChina Debate，Instead of avoidance without talking，This kind of behavior instead of the "learning way of learning in" Book of Mr. Cheng Yi "，The bet365 Play online games concept of more arguing is the concept of "more refined"。Farewell scholars pay attention to this thought details and discuss the internal reasons，And this just understands whether Ling Tingkan will use the key to "science" with "ritual"。

　　"Li" does not say "reason" instead of "li" on behalf of "governance"

Ling Ting can have a macro view，Zeng Zeng Different Studies, "The Fourteenth Meridity of the Han Dynasty", "The Book of Hu Jingzhong" discussed ancient and modern academic flow，Can understand academic hidden micro，Know academic time。Song Ru Tong Zen scholarship for victory，As a result, not only did not defeat Zen science，Instead, I caught in Zen science and cannot come out，Leading the generation of science and the emptiness of academics。Ling Tingkan did not adopt the practice of winning with "ritual" and "science"，That is, the "etiquette" that you are good at behaved "science"，is to avoid repeating Song Ru's mistakes。This kind of thought is based on its views in "Mr. Dai Dongyuan".。Ling's Study Dai Zhenzhizhi，Avoid not talking about its "learning of justice"，Surface reason is "Mr. Gu Gu's in his old age，Non -made of it，No reason to know right and wrong "，The deep reason is that he understands the disadvantage when he understands the debate of "practical learning" and "learning of ideology"，and "Virtual reason is first，My so -called person，People can do not say that it is non -，My so -called non -person，People can do n’t say that it is also，The learning of justice is also "。Controversy，Controversy，Right and wrong，Difficult to fix。So，Ling Ting will not be able to use the "science" with "ritual"，A academic focus is ritual，And Confucianism is just a critical object，Two does not have Zen、Faith directly confronts the influence of rituals and is reduced to emptiness。

bet365 live casino games In order to correct the disadvantages of emptiness，Ling Ting can cross Song and Ming、Wei Jin and East Han，Back to the weekly public ceremony with reverse retrospect、The era of Confucius description，Concentric research can represent the "Li"，Through the reunion to seek the way of saints。In terms of the relationship between the word "Li" and "Li"，Ling Tingkan proposed "Holy Scholars'" Li "also，Boxing ‘Law’ also ”，"The Analects of Confucius" is prepared by Confucius' words，But the Constant Word ‘Li’，Not a word and ‘reason’ also ”，and "Saying the Sacred Book，Must -want to give up the concept of words 'gift'，And what is attached to the unrequited ‘rational’，Is the sage of the sage? "? The saint" saying ‘ritual’ and do n’t say ‘reason’ ”is because“ seeking ‘reason’ must be the heart ”。So，Understand the academic tendency of the sage、Ling Tingkan, who studies the saint's learning, will naturally use the word "ritual" contained in the book of the sage to ask for the sage's way，In academic practice, the word "words 'ritual" word ‘rational'”，It is not what the academic community calls the word "Li" on behalf of the word "Li"。

Discuss the relationship between "acting with etiquette" from the perspective of the history of thought，It can be concluded that the following conclusions: "A proxy of Li" includes two expressions:，Among them, "‘ Confucianism ’“ Scholars' Scholars ”is the prerequisite for examining the word“ ‘ritual” ‘。From the perspective of the relationship between "etiquette" and "science"，Ling Tingkan has a strong critical awareness of "science"，But he criticized not only "science"，It also includes academics since Yuanming, which has the influence of science and accepted the influence of acceptance。He does not compete with "science"，Avoid "science" without bet365 best casino games talking，It can be summarized as "Speaking‘ Li Xue ’and do n’t say‘ Confucianism ’”，Non -"‘ Li Xue ’‘ Confucianism ’”。He advocates the "meaning" of the saint from the "words" of the sage，The word "ritual" of the saints is "ritual".，The word "Li" is replaced by the word "Li"。Ling Tingkan did not propose a "proxy with etiquette"，Naturally, I won't write it in the book。As for the proposal of "proxy with etiquette"、嬗 Change and accepted by the academic community、The process of propagation，It is necessary to sort out the concept history in the academic history of the academic history since the middle of the Qing Dynasty，。

　　(Author Unit: The Institute of Qing History of Renmin University of China)