Beckle's interpretation of perception and action was widely accepted，Occupied its dominance in 200 years，It was not questioned until the first half of the 20th century。In some researchers,，Berklay's perception theory is a typical and cooking theory，His interpretation of visual and visual objects is wrong; his action theory is also based on the wrong space perception description。Despite this，Classicism and cooking theory provided by Berkeley and his classic action views，There is still important theoretical reference meaning today。Some contemporary sensory sports theories can also be regarded as inheritance and development of Berkeley theory。

Before Berkeley，The most influence on the interpretation of perception is the Descartes School。This school advocates the use of geometric principles to explain vision，and use it as a talent principle。Locke's opposition to talent concepts，Using an empirical position for perception。In his opinion，It feels that the concept is stimulated by foreign objects，and is an appearance of the nature of foreign objects。Berkley inherited Locke's empirical position，His object of vision is limited to light and color，and according to modern scientific retinal imaging theory，Explain the visual object as a two -dimensional image。Different from Locke is，Berkeley does not advocate those so -called first natures about the appearance of foreign objects，Instead, it is thought that ideas are completely different from foreign objects，The existence of the concept Bet365 lotto review is only in its perception，instead of foreign objects。This，On the issue of perception，Berkley and Locke's appearance reality cleared the boundary。

Berkley's claim is completely phenomenal，Although it can speculate or suggest a realistic position at some time，As he pointed out his so -called concept is equivalent to real things。but，Fundamental speaking，Berkley's proposition is still a kind of dish。Berkley thinks，Visual、The concept of touch can be further analyzed as the minimum visual point similar to the color block and the minimum tactile point similar to the tactile fragment。This minimum visual or tactile point cannot exist outside the hearts of people who perceive it; and for humans，In any visual or tactile image，The number of them is the same as。He said: "When my vision is surrounded by those walls with narrow distances，Number of the minimum visual point I see，I must have the same as when I saw everything when I saw all the original covered foreign objects。"" Berkley's proposition，Obviously based on the scientific understanding of the physical foundation of vision。In his opinion，The view of the object is constant，It can only consume a certain number of the minimum visual points in one time，instead of exceeding the limit。

From the perspective of contemporary theory，Berkley's discussion on the minimum visual point and touch point can be regarded as Moore、Russell et al. The first voice on sensory and material claims，and thus established his status as a sense of classicalism and cooking。Just，Moore、Russell often tries to give the role of the constituent composition of the feeling and material of the physical things，and Berkley's minimum Bet365 lotto review vision is completely a psychological component。Since the 20th century，Many philosophers have criticized Berkley and contemporary sensors with the dish.。For example，Austin thinks，They made a common problem，That is, we all think that we cannot directly perceive the material object，can only perceive sensory materials，Regardless of these sensory materials are called concepts、Impression、Perception、Feeling and material，Or what else。Celas summarizes it as a "myth and material myth"，He pointed out，Most scholars who hold the theory of feeling and cooking seem to be advocating，Feeling and material is the most basic、Non -recognition facts，They constitute the origin of experience and knowledge，But perception itself cannot actually be independent of thought，It is still a cognitive facts。

Based on this and cooking theory，Berke Lejue，Visual objects and tactile objects are completely different things。The visual object is a two -dimensional image on the retina，Tentile object is soft、hard、Cold、Hot。Specific to space perception，Perspective of common sense is generally considered，size、The concept of 3D space such as from afar and position is obtained by visual。Philosopher Descartes also advocated，The far away of the object is determined by the Law Institute，and is congenital、You can directly observe it with the corner of the light shaft。Berkeley opposed this view，He thinks distance、Size and position, etc., is not directly projected into the image on the retina; this concept is not from geometric explanation，Instead from the touch (the touch here obviously includes the touch sensation、Physical exercise sensation and bet365 best casino games body sensation)。For example，We can form a distance concept with the help of physical exercise; as far as the volume is concerned，Although the visual can be realized according to the arrangement of the minimum visual point，But it is as big as the object's approach or far away or small or small，The volume of only touch is constant。

So，Why do we think，Are these space concepts obtained through vision? Berkley thinks，This is because the visual and tactile consciousness is different，But often cooperate with each other。In fact，Space object can only be regarded as indirect objects of visual，The accumulation of experience makes us see space things，The concept of space is generated by the hint of being felt，It's like they are the direct object of vision。He said，"Since we often experience some concepts obtained from touch，like distance、Concretion and the shape of the touch，Frequently linked to some visual concepts; therefore，When we perceive such visual concepts，Straight in the stomach，In the Nature Frequently，What kind of accessible concepts will appear。If I see an object, I have some kinds of visible shapes and colors，and have some vague degree and other plots，Then I can imagine it based on previous experience，How many steps do I go forward，or how many miles，I will be affected by a certain sense of touch "。Similarly，It is also wrong to say that we use vision to perceive the size。The size is also the object of touch。Berkeley specifically explained in which method can be indirectly perceived by visual perception，or properly say，Visual suggestions。He pointed out that he can assert the size of the touch of the object according to three aspects: first，The size of the Bet365 lotto review object seen; second，The chaos or clearness of objects; third，its strong or vague degree。Of course，Use these conditions to make judgments，Always based on experience。

Since the concept of space is mainly obtained through touch，and use touch to make vision accurately grasp them，So visual、What role does touch play in human space movement? From the perspective of common sense，We often think that people mainly act in space by vision; sensing that although the actions of others require the cooperation of hearing and touch，But the same depends mainly on visual。But，Berkeley interprets the direct object of vision as a two -dimensional image，It seems that vision does not help us act or know others，This is inevitable to violate intuitive feelings。but，As mentioned earlier，Berkley does not think that vision has nothing to do with action。He thinks，Eye movement、The chaos of the object and the tension of the eye，The three of them cooperate with the touch，Be able to remind us of the correct feeling of the distance or volume of the object，and guide action as experience。According to Berklay's explanation，Action is based on the interconnection and cooperation of tactile experience and visual experience。but，In this process，Touching undoubtedly played a core role。

Berkley's space perception and action concepts have a profound impact on future generations。within a certain period of time，Most philosophers have accepted Berkley's position。For example, French enlightenment philosopher Voltaire、Kongdirak，Scotland Enlightenment thinker Thomas Ride、Adam Smith，and the 19th century Mier and others。This has led to two hundred years，People have always tended Bet365 lotto review to use the sense of touch and physical movement as the basis for space cognition and action，until the 20th century，This concept was completely broken。

Since the 20th century，Berklay's perception theory has been widely criticized。Psychologist Gibson pointed out，Space perception is based on the perfuration of the opposite surface (Surface)。Therefore，Three -dimensional space perception is a one -step process，That is, the surface of objects and positions directly by visual perception，Instead of two steps as Berke Lejou: First of all, I feel the two -dimensional structure by visual perception，Then understand the distance or depth of field according to the tactical prompts。Since the 1960s，Brain neuros scientists have discovered that the visual function of the human cerebral cortex can be divided into two visual streams: the abdomen vision (Ventral Stream) and the back visual (Dorsal Stream)。The former is mainly responsible for classification perception，The latter is mainly responsible for space perception。In this sense，Berkley's visual object is a two -dimensional image，and the judgments that cannot directly perceive the space of vision are basically no longer regarded as a valid theory。other，The rise of awareness based on action -based perception theory echo the explanation of Berkley's tactile and physical movement in some extent。We know，Berkeley uses physical movement as a component of tactile perception，and make it with other perception forms such as visual association。Enactive theorist represented by the Noy NO?，Actions that are guided by perception and consciousness are based on the ability to foresee physical exercise。That is to say，There is Bet365 lotto review interaction between perception and action，There is a constructive association between the personal conscious content of the individual and its physical movement。or more appropriately，Human perception ability is constructed by the knowledge of sensorimotor。From this perspective，The philosophy of the action of Berkeley is still outdated today。

(Author Unit: European and American Cultural Philosophy of Tianjin Foreign Studies University)