Aristotle considers in the book "Niger Marco Ethics",People not only care about individual freedom and fate,Pay more attention to the fate and justice of the city -state or community,It is impossible for a person to leave the city -state and exist,It is also impossible to be independent of political life; and,People can only play his nature only in political life,Therefore,"Political Life is the most likely to live a happy life for mankind"。In other words,Happy life is political life,That is, everyone can fully exercise personal political rights,Discussion on social public affairs in equal among,Share the results obtained together,While realizing the prosperity of the city -state or the country,Realize the perfection and freedom of the individual。
Habermas pointed out,People are a political animal,It means that people exist in public spaces,People can gradually become what people are in public spaces。From Habermas,Political life is based on the public domain or public space,and the public domain is actually public opinion,The field of rational dialogue and communication between the masses of the people。The history of the public domain can be traced back to the ancient Greek period,At that time, people started equal and rational dialogue on various affairs on the square。With the rise Bet365 app download of modern democratic countries,The public domain has become a bridge that communicates the country and society,Among them, the literary public domain played a very important role,It not only cultivates the public's reading consciousness、Dialogue consciousness and critical consciousness,It has also formed an educated intermediary,prosperous knowledge and culture。A sense of dialogue formed in the literary public field has gradually played in the political field,Lalate the preliminary foundation for the consensus of the political and public domain,Equal dialogue and rational consensus gradually become the basic principles of the political public domain。In modern society,By newspaper、Internet and other mass media media,The public domain is unprecedented open,At the same time, it is constantly disturbed by many factors。The vortex of the public media and various opinions,Not only makes the conversation very difficult,It also makes consensus almost an illusion。
Actually,This involves a fundamental problem,That is, the foundation and form of our participation in political life have undergone tremendous changes。In modern society,People not only participate in political life within the scope permitted and prescribed by law,Performing citizen responsibilities and obligations,Still to various extent,Discussion and social governance in public affairs in various forms。From a form perspective,We no longer rely on square dialogue,It is no longer Bet365 app download used as the main medium of political life with the literary public domain。Relying on the development of technology,We participate in political life through network space。On mobile phone、Computers and other terminals such as gradually popularized,Not only intellectuals、Social elites can express their own opinions and opinions on specific topics on various platforms,Ordinary workers、Farmers、Handicrafts and other workers can also actively participate in the online public space,They not only have the right、Be able to participate in political life,It is also qualified。and,Compared to previous,It is easier for us,It is also easy to be affected by other people's views。Among the public spaces dominated by network technology,Nothing is to be involved,There is nothing that is indestructible。With the diverse form of political life,The foundation of political life has also undergone important changes。In traditional political life,Those who can participate in political life are basically gentlemen、Dynamic people,Political life is based on virtue,Taking the good as the community as the goal。Diversified with political life、Popularization,and the generality of participation、Instantishness and randomness,The goal of political life is orderly、Harmony、Stable demand change。
It is because modern people are involved in political life to present new features,The principle of normativeity is very important。That is to say,bet365 Play online games We are in the process of participating in political life,Not only must we comply with basic legal and institutional rules and regulations,Do not violate the law,Also abide by the specifications that deserve,Not rough and brutal horizontal,No paranoid split,Maintain basic rational and citizen literacy。Speaking,In political life,The significance of normativeity is mainly reflected in the following aspects。
First,Specification is a principle of guidance,It corresponds to spontaneous。In a real modern democratic country, in a socialist country,People can freely participate in public opinion in the public domain,Participate in various political activities inside and outside the party,Such political life is not only reflected in traditional、Within the formal political framework,It is also reflected in informal、Anonymous interaction activities,It has become a kind of communication activity without subject。In this kind of communication activity,Power in the public domain is no longer concentrated in a group or collective,It is no longer based on the performance of a political official or people's representative,but a rational dialogue、Aponement of public opinion consensus。In a non -institutionalized public domain,If there is no normative and depends on the spontaneous social,So it is very likely to tear and conflict to society。We must introduce standardization into the process of social exchanges and public opinion bet365 best casino games formed,Place the exchanges and public opinion under the constraints of rationality and rules、The commitment of democratic procedures,Laying conditions for the consensus of the public domain。
Next,Normalness is both participating in political life、Basic requirements for discussing and discussing public affairs,It is also the goal of political life。In the political world,We are not only concerned about "what is good、The ideal life form "" What is good politics "," What is a good political life "," What is justice "such as justice,Also care about corruption、Environmental pollution、Housing、Education fair、Public Health、Pension、Privacy and other social reality problems。When participating in answering or solving these theories and practical problems in public spaces,We can't just imagine with poetic、Literature rhetoric、Ideal impulse and passion of passion,It can’t be based on the words of some social knowledge。Public space should not be a chaotic and disorderly place that some groups are in order to enhance their own influence,It can never do whatever you want、Outside of the law of malicious nourishment。On the contrary,Public domain and public space should be a space for rational communication,Is a cooperation、Sharing and reciprocal space,and political life should also be equal and respectful、Harmony and order、Consensus common prosperity。
Last,Specifications play a positive value guidance in political life。Due to the generalization bet365 live casino games of the boundary between the political world and the world of life,Each of us is dominated by politics,At the same time, looking forward to leading politics; pursuing individual independence in the real sense,At the same time, I also want to be the master in various affairs、Self -decision。Based on such a dual identity,We act in accordance with the law,Also according to individual experience、Value and interests make decisions and select,We are free between reality and ideals,Participate in the formation of public opinion,Both the maker and referee of the Public Space Act,Also acting as various facts、Defenders or critics of the truth and concept。In such a value、In public spaces with diversified beliefs and concepts and even conflict with each other,How to fully display the will and views of each citizen,How to balance the value and interests of each individual,How to maintain the right of everyone,How to mature public rationality,How to cultivate citizen literacy,How to achieve public opinion or public opinion,All need to regulate the process and mechanism of a standard negotiation。
In short,In political life,We must not only have participation awareness、bottom line thinking、boundary thinking,More standardized thinking。As Hannah Pittkin pointed out,Actively participate in political life,People can not only really understand the meaning of citizenship,It can also correct the understanding of individual private interests and bet365 Play online games public interests。In a sense,We can say: The reason why people are political animals,Because people are standardized animals。
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