Intersubjectivity is an important issue in contemporary philosophical research。It first means the relationship between multiple subjects，Others are different bet365 bonus bets objects，The other cannot be reduced to an "other thing" in an epistemological sense；Secondly，The other is not "other me"，Even existing in the world as a rational being，The other always means a kind of "transcendence" to the self、An absolute alterity；In addition，Intersubjectivity also involves the relationship between the self and the social community - whether there is a "private sphere" in the strictest sense？Whether the universal validity of a judgment comes bet365 bonus bets negotiation between subjects？

Phenomenology from the construction of others in self-awareness、The genetic mechanism of the life world、The other understands intersubjectivity in terms of the absoluteness of the ethical sense；The critical theory of the Frankfurt School explores bet365 bonus bets "recognition" in Hegel's early thought，And connect it with Mead’s social psychological theory and Peirce’s pragmatism principles，An attempt to understand intersubjectivity as a central post-metaphysical concept；Analytical philosophy is represented by Wittgenstein and Strawson，Starting from the argument that “there is no private language”，Shows that bet365 bonus bets intersubjectivity expresses nothing more than the natural publicity of language。

However，Thinking about intersubjectivity is not exclusive to contemporary philosophical thought，We can clearly trace its origins back to German classical philosophy。Fichte first introduced the concept of mutual recognition between subjects into his intellectual planning during the Jena period，And use bet365 bonus bets as a starting point to conduct a priori deduction of the legal relationship between subjects，Considering that intersubjectivity provides grounds for the possibility of self-awareness。bet365 bonus bets conclusion is undoubtedly pioneering。Starting from the genealogy of thought，Fichte’s thinking on intersubjectivity originated from reflections on Kant’s critical philosophy，He mentioned in "New Methods of Knowledge (1796-1799)"，The most shocking incompleteness of critical philosophy is reflected in，Kant never offers an explanation of rational beings other than the self，The self cannot determine from experience the existence of other rational beings。We know，Kant defines the concept of "common sense"，It is affirmed that rational beings can rely on "logical common sense" and "aesthetic common sense"，Regard one's own judgment as based on the rationality of all human beings。Fichte believed，Kant’s understanding of bet365 bonus bets issue cannot escape the accusations of empiricism and dogmatism，Not just about the concept of “others”，Even "individuality" itself must be deduced from the "absolute self" through the principles of knowledge。If Kant reveals the oughtness of intersubjectivity，Then Fichte tried hard to make it a real concept。

　　bet365 bonus bets: "The whole body of thought can be divided and distributed among many subjects"

The reason why Kant’s philosophy is called the “Copernican revolution”，Because it bases the possibility of knowledge on the perceptual and intellectual abilities of rational subjects，Thus establishing the basic principles of transcendental idealism。In Kant，The word "transcendental" does not mean the relationship between knowledge and things，It means the relationship between knowledge and cognitive ability。In bet365 bonus bets sense，Both the ability to use concepts and universal rules intellectually，Or the ability of practical reason to determine moral laws，Or the ability to judge and apply knowledge，Their universal validity is only based on the inherent ability of subjectivity。But，bet365 bonus bets kind of interiority is not completely equivalent to a kind of "privateness"，Kant is fully aware，The universality of a judgment must undergo inter-subject validity testing；In the language of contemporary philosophy，The universality of judgment also contains a kind of "normativity"。

Kant tried to express his thinking on intersubjectivity through thinking about "sensus communis"。"Common sense" is the same word as the "common sense" that political philosophy, especially British and American conservatism, likes to emphasize。Kant distinguished between "aesthetic common sense" and "logical common sense" in "Critique of Judgment"，The former is associated with aesthetic judgment，The latter represents a "universal informability" of human beings。“Aesthetic common sense” is more familiar to researchers，Kant defines it as an idea of ​​common feeling，Aesthetic judgment based on bet365 bonus bets concept a priori takes into account the way any other person represents it in his or her own reflection，Make your judgments as if they were based on all human reason。Through bet365 bonus bets concept，Kant gives universality to the unique feeling arising from sensibility，Be convinced that aesthetic judgment is isomorphic for every subject，Thus intersubjectively valid。

Compared with bet365 bonus bets，“Common sense of logic” or “general informability” is often ignored by researchers。In Introduction to the Metaphysics of the Future，He clearly distinguished intelligence into speculative intelligence and general informing，Intellect is in addition to the advanced cognitive ability using concepts and universal rules，Must also be understood as a faculty common to every rational being。In Practical Anthropology，Kant regards "thinking from the position of others in communicating with people" as the extended application of intelligence to itself based on the guidance of reason。In other words，The universal validity of a judgment is not only based on innate speculative intellectual ability as the condition for its possibility，It is also necessary to obtain actual corroboration between subjects based on the "general notification" that everyone possesses。In addition，In the field of moral philosophy，Kant also made the same requirement for understanding。In Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals，Kant requires everyone to ask whether the "categorical imperative" that he regards as a universal law also applies to others。

Based on the concept of “common sense”，Kant realized that the truth of a judgment must not only conform to the necessity of logic and reason，Also facing the "normative" argument within the community。However，Kant’s thinking on bet365 bonus bets issue is not sufficient，He did not reflect very closely on the existence of other rational beings，But accept it more as a ready-made belief。Use the language of phenomenology，In Kant，Others still have a strong sense of “other and me”。In the view of Kant’s successors，bet365 bonus bets is unacceptable。

　　Fichte: "bet365 bonus bets man is a class concept，bet365 bonus bets right is a condition for self-consciousness”

On the basis of Kant，Fichte greatly expanded his thinking on intersubjectivity，And came up with very forward-looking insights。Authoritative scholars who studied Fichte such as Reinhard Lauter、Edith Dusing and others believe that，Not only should Fichte’s status as the discoverer bet365 bonus bets theory of intersubjectivity be re-evaluated，The long-standing accusations of “solipsism” or extreme “subjective idealism” against the epistemology bet365 bonus bets Jena period should also be changed，Because Fichte was constructing the "absolute self" at the same time，Have realized that mutual recognition between subjects is the transcendental condition for the emergence of subject self-awareness。

The "original action" of the "absolute self" setting itself is the theme of Fichte's construction of the knowledge of the Jena period。Based on bet365 bonus bets，Fichte endowed knowledge with two levels of unity: the unity of theoretical rationality and practical rationality，The unity of the object itself and the phenomenal world，Thus saving Kant’s philosophy in an atmosphere of skepticism。At the beginning of its advent，The science of knowledge faces the accusation of solipsism。In a letter to Jacob，Mentioned by Fichte，The absolute self is obviously different from the concept of individuality，Opponents of epistemology like to confuse the two with each other，And imposes upon him a charge of so-called practical solipsism。In Fichte’s own opinion，Individuality and absolute self are concepts belonging to two different levels，The concept of individuality can be deduced from the absolute self，The key to making the deduction possible is that epistemology combines itself with a doctrine of natural law。Actually，Through bet365 bonus bets deduction，What Fichte obtained is a concept of individuality that contains the dimension of intersubjectivity。To understand bet365 bonus bets conclusion，Several thought steps must be clarified。

First，Self-setting is only the first principle of knowledge after all，The absolute self’s own principles alone are not enough for it to enter the level of self-awareness。Because once it enters consciousness，It must be reflected on，Thus losing its unprescribed and unlimited nature。If there is a lack of stipulation，The infinity of the self expressed by the first principle will not be truly realized。Fichte expressed the dialectical relationship between infinity and limitation as "self-setting itself is determined by non-self" and "self-setting itself is setting non-self"。The interaction between self and non-self is also a necessary link for the emergence of self-awareness。In "The Foundations of All Knowledge"，"Not-self" is generally defined as an "obstacle" (Ansto?β），Not-self while being defined by the self，In turn, restrict the self towards unlimited free activities；In "The Foundation of Natural Rights Based on the Principles of Knowledge"，The "obstacle" function of the non-self is transformed into a "call/request" (Aufforderung)，The only person who can assume bet365 bonus bets function is another rational being other than myself。

Secondly，Different from Kant，Fichte thinks，What can serve as a bridge between theoretical rationality and practical rationality is legal power rather than aesthetic judgment。Fichte inherited Kant’s principle of priority of practical reason，But he firmly opposed the attempt to derive the doctrine of legal rights from the moral law。For each individual，The moral laws stipulated by Kant’s practical philosophy are unconditionally applicable，The principle of legal power is conditional，Their applicability is limited。According to the knowledge principles established by Fichte，The rule of a legal doctrine is，"Based on bet365 bonus bets freedom for all others with whom you are associated，Restrict your freedom”。

Finally，Combining the above two points，We can be clear，It is precisely because the principle of legal rights naturally contains the concept of "restriction"，Fichte identified it as the realm where the "absolute self" at the theoretical level deduces the "individuality" at the practical level, that is, the rational being。"The Foundation of Natural Rights Based on the Principles of Knowledge" reformulates bet365 bonus bets restriction as a kind of "utility" related to freedom。In the second most critical part of bet365 bonus bets work、The third interpretation is in progress，Fichte attempts to solve the problem of the possibility of self-awareness。In his opinion，The key to self-awareness is that (a) the subject is aware of itself as active，and (b) the awareness of oneself as an object。The subject must realize that it is an object，If you cannot detect yourself, you can determine yourself to be automatic，And can only perceive itself to be automatic by an external obstacle。and，bet365 bonus bets obstacle must allow the subject to have full freedom of self-determination，Otherwise without (a) the subject cannot perceive itself as self。bet365 bonus bets obstacle is understood here as a request or call to the subject's determination to demonstrate its free utility。In Fichte’s opinion，There is no such requirement，Rational beings cannot set their own freedom。And if such a requirement exists，A rational being must set another rational being outside itself as the cause of bet365 bonus bets requirement。

So far，Fichte fully demonstrates his insight on intersubjectivity，That is, if there is no call from other rational beings，Subjectivity will also lose itself。The concept of legal power itself is the transcendental condition for the possibility of self-awareness。bet365 bonus bets is the starting point，A community based on mutual recognition of rational beings can be imagined，“If there really should be people，There must be many people”。Everyone knows，Based on the perspective of self-awareness theory, the Heidelberg School understands the "original action" of knowledge as a kind of "original insight"。bet365 bonus bets way，Fichte’s deduction of the concept of right should also receive due attention and research from the perspective of intersubjectivity theory。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 bonus bets, Nanjing University)