The discern of human poultry constitutes a commonly -civilized theory phenomenon，In the major civilizations, you can see the distinction between people and animals in different civilizations。To what sense, human and poultry distinguishes become a philosophical question? What is its purpose?，What is the consequences of its civilization theory? We can be Taoist philosophy as the perspective，Repeat these problems。 

　　The distinguished and dominant order of human poultryJustification

"Breakthrough" in the early major civilizations，The understanding of Voghlin is that the human order has been transformed from symbolic to "small universe" to the symbolic person to "uppercase"。So，Plant growth rhythm in the vision of the universe、Replace it at four o'clock、Celestial operation, etc.，No longer the sole foundation of order; the rise of human nature theory，constitute a new landscape。How to understand human nature? The usual orientation is to separate people's autonomous fields through the discern of human poultry，Obtain the definition of human nature by subtraction，The method is to continuously eliminate the common attributes of people and animals，The specificity of the unique but "non -human" (such as animals) is not specific，The essence of human nature。

The result is that the content of human nature is rational、Morality、Psychiatric、Social and other occupied，Desire、Passion、Sensory、Biological、Natural nature, etc. are excluded，Ru Mencius defines human nature with "benevolence"。From this，The establishment of "People" must be excluded Bet365 lotto review by the dimension of "non -human"，"Human" is therefore considered a presence of the existence in the tension of "people" and "non -human"。When the perspective of human poultry, when the perspective of human poultry enters the interior of the person，People are also divided into "people" (or rationality，or morality，or social，or social，or historic，, etc.) and "non -human" (or sensual，or biological，or naturally，, etc.) Two parts。Humanity definition reached in this way，In essence, constructing segmentation in a highlighting method，This segmentation was found to be between people and other existeners ("non -people")，But now the relationship between people and people，This achieves the effect of social layering。When Mencius distinguishes "general" (the official of the heart) and "small body" (the official of the ears)，He is exported "from its general adult，Social layering of the social layering of the small man from its small body "(" Xuanzi ")。So，Not only the "worker" and "labor"、The layers of "governing the person" and "governing the person" have legitimacy，And the former also has a legitimate basis for the latter: "There are adults，There is a villain ... Therefore, it is said or the heart，or labor;，Labor is ruled by others;，The governor eats people，The righteousness of the world also。"" ("Teng Wen Gong Shang") in the Roman law system，The connotation of the human and poultry with the connotation of the owner and the owner enrich "people" and "non -human"，"People" means the identity of the self -power，and "non -human" means that his power person，The self -powered person can legally regard the "other power" (person who is regarded as "non -human") as the "person") as his own property，For example, the owner is to his wife、Slave owns bet365 best casino games ownership，The latter can only be treated as a non -human thing，When the personality is defined as the owner，We have seen the legalization form of this dominance activity。

This dominant order is inside the person，Reflected as reason、Psychiatric、Morality、Socialism, etc.、Biological、Domination of natural nature，"People" is often regarded as the judiciary，The subject that can control its animal dimension ("non -human") (such as Jacques Maria)，or the subject (such as Kant)，or the subject of the crime (such as Christianity)，So people are considered "people" who are treated with "non -human"。The discern of human poultry once entered the world historical order，The symbolization phenomenon of "people" in the vision of purpose theory is caused，"People" is abstracted into a certain concept or ideal，Corresponding to this is the following concepts: "'Human' 'has never existed in the past，It is impossible to exist in any contemporary ... ‘human’ is an idea and an ideal。"(Karl Lowit:" The History of World History and Redemption: The Hosts of History Philosophy ") and a nation and civilization worthy of human symbols have the law of representing human beings，Therefore, the colonial rights and domination rights of the barbaric nation have been obtained。

　　"No abandoned people" and "no abandon"

Different from human poultry to the definition of human nature in a way to highlight specificity，It will inevitably cause the separation of personality and human beings: not all humans are personality，Not all personality is humans; even some realistic humans can only be potential people (Potential Person) or Non-Person or Anti-Person (Jisteram · Engel Hart: "Ethics of Life")。Do not meet the specificity of "people"，As a "non -human"，In Taoist philosophy, Bet365 app download "abandon people" and "abandoned"。

"The Tao Te Ching" Chapter 27 Yun: "No good good number is required。Good closed -handed 楗 楗 不。Good knotless and unsolvable。Save people with saints often，Therefore, no abandoned person。Changshan rescue，Therefore, no abandonment。"" abandoned people "and" abandon "production，It is because of the use of "raising policy", "Guanzhang" and "Rope" to tailor the characters，Those who do not meet them become "abandoned people" and "abandon"。There is no "abandonment" and "abandon"，"Abandoned Man" and "Aid" is just a result of separation and exclusion of "non -human" with the eyes of "people"，The "poultry" in the dislike of human poultry as the symbolic expression of animal nature，This is a form of "non -human"。It is the resolution of "good people" and "bad people"，Good and evil、right and wrong、Honor Hei、The establishment of sexual values ​​such as expensive and low，The source of the "abandoned person" and "abandon"; opposite，As long as there are Bet365 app download "abandon people" and "abandon"，The distinction between "people" and "non -human" is the basis of order，and order cannot get rid of dominant quality。

"Zhuangzi · Holy Thumb" emphasizes: "And the husband is waiting for the rope rules and the right，It is also a person who cuts its sex;，It is also an invading virtue。"The distinction between human poultry has led to the reduction of human nature，A person's experience is simplified、Cutting，The incarnation of the abstract quality is reduced，and Renyi is such an abstract quality: "From Yu Zha Renyi to scratch the world，The world has no life in Renyi。right and wrong with benevolence and nature? "The Emperor Ying Emperor" revealed that the order of "people" from "people" will inevitably lead Bet365 lotto review to the "non -human" of "abandoned people"; "Geng Sangchu" reveals that，Inner chaos: "The foundation of chaos，Born between Yao Shun，The end is after thousands of years。After thousands of times，There must be someone who eats with others! "

"Abandoned Man" and "Aid" reflect the boundary of the experience of organizing order with the "human mechanism"，It can be absorbed by order experience into the meaning of the meaning network of order structure and power configuration，and "abandoning people" and "abandon" constitute the "unprepared" of the order of order。The way human treats "abandoned" is to separate it for social segmentation，Put in the collection space of chaos garbage，Different from the orderly society。For example，The way human that pursues "pure" to treat "dirt" is the way to produce "abandon people" or "abandon" (Mary Douglas: "Clean and Danger -Analysis of Pollution and Taboo Concepts")，Early Western Madman Institute also separates through normal and abnormal people，Mechanism of "abandoning people"。

　　The transcendence and order of the dislike of human poultryTiandao Genji

"non -human" and "people" are a pair of co -constructor。The weeds of the garden are not "abandon"，It is because it not only maintains the fertility of the land，and compared with flowers，each has its own existence;，I will find it，Weeds are not the foil of flowers，even becoming an extra "abandon"。The long -lasting and stable order must eliminate the treatment of "people" and "non -human"，and based on the idea of ​​"whole person" ("Geng Sang Chu")，The state of "no abandoned people" and "non -abandoned objects"。This is not a cancellation of human birds，but the conversion of ideas。

"Xunzi · King System": "Water and fire are qi and no life，Plants and trees are born with bet365 Play online games ignorance，Beasts are knowledgeable and unreasonable，People are angry、Life、Knowing，Also righteousness，Therefore, the most worldly is also expensive。"From the surface，This idea is to highlight people’s specificity through "subtraction"，But it can actually be regarded as the "addition" mode of self -understanding of human nature。The way of Xunzi is not to simplify human nature into specific "righteousness"，but "also righteous" and "Qi、Life、Knowing "plus method，Such people are no longer just one of many species，and still penetrate the special species of all species。But，Specific is no longer a separator，Not the remaining objects that have attributes with other species，and it is exactly the way to penetrate the integrity。With this overall as the perspective，Only the treatment of "people" and "non -human"，This is where Zhuangzi，It is the heavenly path that enters the "person" and "non -human" and is used as its common source。

Liezi in "Ying Emperor"，Different in the couple、Liezi in "Ying Emperor"，But cook for his wife，and raise pigs like treating others。The difference between human Lun、The distinction between human poultry is surpassed in the state of carving and restoring。Corresponding to this is the original experience of order expressed in "The World of Virtue"，"Zhuangzi · Horseshoe": "Together with Beasts，clan and everything。Evil Know the gentleman villain! "The return of human nature，No longer the specificity of returning to people，retreat from "non -human" to "people"，Instead of returning to the common attributes of people and everything、integration、Mutuality、Symbiosis。Reason and sensibility、Psychiatric and biological no longer have structural tension，Instead, maintain mutual exaggeration and balance，A non -dominant order bet365 live casino games from this obtains a foundation。This foundation points to heaven，On the other hand, point to all things，and the whole of heaven and everything point to the same meaning generation mechanism。

　(The author is the Institute of Modern Ideology and Culture and the Department of Philosophy of East China Normal University)