As the Confucian representative of the Han Dynasty，Dong Zhongshu has an important contribution in the history of Confucianism in the history of Confucianism in the history of Confucianism。"Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · Yufu" said, "Confucius gains and losses，See the success or failure，Unconsiscent of the world，Lost King's Body "，It is pointed out that the main purpose of Confucius' "Spring and Autumn" was to criticize the lack of benevolence at that time at that time。Dong Zhongshu thinks，"Spring and Autumn" with benevolence as the ontology，Promote Yangde Relief，Oppose the military service，"The Evil of Spring and Autumn"，No way for virtue，Drives and the thieves; those who are good,Don’t use it for，Renyi to serve "" "Spring and Autumn" lover and warrior killing "。"Spring and Autumn" Ren De without any effort (not absolute exclusion，Just set it without)，Focus on serving people with benevolence，Against the War of War because of a lover。

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The basic connotation of "Ren" is "Love"。The pre -Qin Confucian "benevolent love" takes blood relationship as the foundation，Think of the origin of benevolence is the love of family love，"The Analects of Confucius · Learning": "Filial Pilly Brother also，It is the foundation of benevolence and。"If" gentleman is durable in relatives，The people are happy to be benevolent "。"The Golden Mean" Cloud: "Benevolence also，Kiss is big。"Ren is the fundamental of human beings，But take love as a heavy。"Mencius · Zuzi": "Kiss，Renye。"Mencius · Heart": "Benevolence，bet365 best casino games Also love，Urgent pro -relatives。"Xunzi · Da Liang": "Ren，Love also，So dear。"This kind of benevolent love based on blood relationship came to Dong Zhongshu and there was a transformation here，He was targeted at the war of people after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin and Han dynasties at that time.，Lack of awe of the heaven and basic morality，Refer to the status of "the monarch of the hundred gods"，It is believed that "heaven" is the supremacy of the creation of all things and human beings，Give the sky to the supreme nature，Try to set up an Extreme Aweed object for people (including monarchs)。

At the same time，He projected Confucius and Meng's "benevolent" to "Sky"，Make it sacred。"Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · Heaven and Earth Yin Yang": "Tian Zhiren，Its Tao is also righteous。"" Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · Yu Preface ":" Ren，Tianxin，Therefore, the heart of the sky。"Su Yin Note:" The purpose of "Spring and Autumn"，Return with benevolence。Benevolence， Heart of Heaven also。"The reason why heaven never stops and lives、Develop all things in the world，It is because of the "benevolent"，"Ren" is "Heaven"。Here here，The meaning and essence of "heaven" is "benevolent"。In other words，"Ren" is the highest moral guidelines of "sky"，And this moral guidelines are the reflection of the will of "heaven": "The meaning of the sky，Endless Ren also "" Tiandong takes Eli as the meaning，Taking the growth as the matter; spring、Autumn、Winter、Summer，All are it also。"This will make the benevolent heart of heaven、The love of the love of heaven and the natural movement of the heavens and the earth (the growth collection of the four seasons) is integrated。Since the will of heaven guides natural operation，So the moral guidelines of heaven have bet365 best casino games also been displayed through the four -hour change and stars' illusion。

The benevolence of the ontology: from the yin and yang two qi to the good and evil of people 

Tianzhi、Tianxin、God of God is benevolence，This is the benevolence of the body。Dong Zhongshu proposed the division of heaven in the process of the body，Yin and Yang Erqi，Yang Qi is benevolent，Yin Qi is。He said, "Yang，Tian's virtue，Yin，Sky Penalty also。Yang Qi is warm but cold，Yang Qiren and Yin Qi，Yang Qiren and Yin Qi，Yang Qi is wide and urgent，Yang Qi Ai and Yin Qi，Yang Qi and Yin Qi Kill。It is the real place of Yang Changju and walks in Sheng，Yin often lives in the end。The good benevolence of the sky，Far away from evil，The meaning of the big virtue is also。Passing before.，Guiyang and cheap yin also。"Corresponding to the benevolence of yang and yin qi，Tianxiang Ren evil，Therefore, yang is a big virtue、Near、for Classics、It is expensive，Yin Qi is a small punishment、Far、for power、For cheap。

Tianzhi、Tianxin、God of God is benevolence，People born in the heavens and earth，It will inevitably receive the benevolence of heaven。"For those，Tianye ... Human blood，Hua Tianzhi and Ren;，Hua Tianli and Righteousness。"Everything from the person comes from heaven，Human blood is suffering from heaven and formed a benevolent，Human morality is accepted by heaven, forming righteousness，Explain that the origin of the benevolent is not in the heavens itself: "The person's suffering is in heaven，Take the benevolence in heaven and benevolence. "，There is the nature of good, good and evil。"" Ren "and good and evil in the field of morality，Take it in the sky，Homorrhea with heaven and earth。People born in the heavens and earth，The nature of heaven and earth，It is also necessary to suffer from the nature of yin Bet365 lotto review and yang and yin and yang。"Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · Ru Tian Zhi": "Yin and Yang Qi，In God，Also in people。"" Spring and Autumn Fanlu · Similar Moving ":" There is yin and yang，People also have yin and yang。"There is yin and yang qi，People also have yin and yang qi。The Yin and Yang of the Heaven and the Yin and Yang of the Human Yin and Yang Mutual A response，The nature of the yin and yang of heaven gives people，It will make people greedy。"I have the name of my heart，Cheng's sincerity。sincerity of people，There is greedy and benevolent。The Qi of Benevolence，Two in the body。The name of the body，Take the days。Two days of yin and yang，Body also has two greedy nature。"In Dong Zhongshu's view，Due to the nature of the yin and yang of the sky，Make the human body greedy，So people must control their lust，Ring Return to Ren Ren。The nature of greed is also the nature of good and evil，So people have to go evil and good。From the perspective of human nature，Dong Zhongshu integrated the pre -Qin Confucianism and sexual evil theory。

expansion of benevolence: from people to heaven and earth 

Dong Zhongshu inherited the concept of the pre -Qin Confucian "benevolent lover"，But some correction and development。He defines "benevolent" in "Spring and Autumn Fanlu · Benevolence and Wisdom": "What is benevolent? Benevolence，憯怛 Lover。"" Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · Renyi Law "said:" The method of benevolence，in love，Don't love me "" No one is loved by people，Although thick self -love，Not to be benevolent "" Don’t love，奚，Benevolence，The name of the lover also。"Lover is mainly love others，Not love yourself; not loved by others，Hugo self -love cannot be called benevolent。Dong Zhongshu criticized Jin Linggong "Killing Mealing and Diet with Sushu,Dr. Bouncing Dr. Entertainment，Non bet365 best casino games -thick self -love;，Not a lover too "。Jin Linggong is not the way of being a monarch，Breeding and Brutal。He uses slingshots from the high platform to shoot people，Watch the way they are frightened and avoid to take fun。The chef did not cook the bear's paw，Jin Linggong Qi，Kill the chef，Put the chef's body in the basket，Let the palace girls carry the corpses and throw it out of the hall。Dong Zhongshu believes that this is love for yourself，But I can't love others，Not a benevolent。

Dong Zhongshu also extended benevolence to ordinary people、Siyi and even the world，Requirement of the king must imitate the people of Taoism and love，Represents the interests of the public。"Tian Chang takes Eli as the meaning，Taking care of the long -term "" the king often uses the world of Eli，Taking Anle I as the matter。"He praised Qi Qing Gong in the Spring and Autumn Period" Don't Listen to Sound，Do not drink alcohol and meat，Love the people，Ask illness and mourning "，This kind of self -constraint、The benevolent politics that loves the people has brought him the result of "ending his body" and "national tranquility".。"If you lose grace, the people are scattered，Min San is the country chaos。"So，If you think of the country's peace，The king must be grace、Bo Ai sentient beings。"Spring and Autumn Fanlu · Bamboo Forest" cloud: "And the method of" Spring and Autumn "，Never repair the old years，It is intended to have no bitter people。Bitter people still evil，Is it hurting the people? It hurts the people，Is the people kill the people? Therefore, it is said: the old years of the fierce year, it is，Create the taboo。It is the little who harms the people，Evil Small; those who harm the people，Evil is also。"If the king loses people's heart，Do evil and harm the people to kill the bet365 live casino games people，Then it lost the qualifications of Tianzi。This concept was very progressive at the time。Dong Zhongshu also said, "Benevolence，So love humans too "，It is advocated that people who treat them in the distance，The farther the benevolent love is, the better，"Reno -Yuan Yuan。Far and heal，Those who are near and not small，Love also。So King Love and Siyi，Dominer's love and princes，Ansai loves and seal，Dangerous love and side，Dead Love and Cerery "。This is the benevolent love that the pre -Qin Confucianism is based on the blood relationship of the blood to the universal human，Emphasize that benevolence must be waiting for people far away，The farther and farther and more and more virtuous，The closer it is, the more unscrupulous。So，King’s Renoli and Sifang Yidi，The benevolent love can only be in the prince，The benevolence of the king of the stable country is only domestic，The benevolence of the king of the national crisis is only and the person who is close to，The benevolent love of the king of the country can only reach himself。"Reno -Yuan Yuan" is a creative interpretation of Dong Zhongshu's benevolent love of the pre -Qin Confucianism，Mainly criticized the ruler at the time to be restricted by the blood relationship，Vinity of the same -sex princes king，Bring a deep disaster to the country and the public。

Dong Zhongshu also inherited the Confucius "Pan loves the public and relatives" and Mencius "Kissing Renmin，Renmins Love Thoughts "，Expand the object of benevolence to all things in heaven and earth，He said: "Quality in love people，The following asks for birds and beasts and insects.。Don’t Love，奚 enough to be benevolent "" Panai group students，Do not reward and punishment with anger，So be benevolent "" first of love，Teaching Yi Renye。"" That is to bet365 Play online games say，Only lover is not enough to be called benevolent，Only the emotion of love is extended to creatures such as birds, beasts and insects，Only the benevolent。Visible，Dong Zhongshu's benevolence already has the nature of love，Contains valuable ecological civilization consciousness。

In short，Dong Zhongshu's benevolent thought inherit the pre -Qin Confucianist，Below Song Ming Lixue，Rich Confucian Treasury Treasure House，It is increasingly showing its unique wisdom and important value today，It is worthy of our attention and promoting light。

(The author is a professor at the National College of Renmin University of China)