In the study of the development history of Marx’s philosophical thought，The theoretical origin and logical process of Marx’s first ideological transformation has always been an important issue that has attracted much attention。Research on this issue can be roughly divided into two paths: one is the interpretation path started by Lenin that makes qualitative judgments from the perspective of philosophical logic and mobile bet365 stance。This path was initially interpreted rigidly as the "one-time transformation theory" within the framework of Soviet dogmatism，Subsequently, it was severely rejected and ignored in the process of criticism of Western Marxism，Until Chinese Marxist scholars represented by Mr. Sun Bojun creatively proposed the "two transformations theory" in the same process of seeking to break the Soviet dogmatist model，Only then can it regain new theoretical vitality。Another interpretation path is to analyze from the perspective of research objects and theoretical themes，For example, from state criticism to civil society criticism，From criticism of mobile bet365 alienation to criticism of economic alienation, etc.。These interpretation paths indeed provide a basic theoretical framework for us to deeply understand the development process of the young Marx’s philosophical thoughts，But there is still no consensus on some specific issues。For example，What kind of materialism and communism did Marx turn to under the influence of those figures at this time？In the past, academic circles usually focused on Marx and Hegel、Discuss Feuerbach’s ideological relationship，Proudhon was relatively ignored、The potential influence of Hess and Engels on Marx at different levels，This also leads to the logical process and qualitative judgment of Marx’s ideological transformation being either too general，Either fall into specific debates about "natural materialism", "rights materialism" or "humanistic materialism"。Rethinking and exploring these issues，It will help to more accurately grasp the multiple theoretical background and complex logical process of Marx’s first ideological transformation。

The multiple theoretical background of mobile bet365 first ideological change

As everyone knows，Marx’s first ideological change was manifested in philosophical logic from idealism to materialism。Past，We usually interpret this change as Marx’s use of Feuerbach’s materialism to overcome and surpass Hegel’s speculative idealism。However，What needs further questioning is，What kind of materialism did Marx accept from Feuerbach？Marx explicitly criticized Feuerbach in his letter to Ruge in March 1843 for “emphasis on nature too much and politics too little”，This shows that Marx does not agree with Feuerbach’s natural materialism，Therefore it is only possible to be inclined to accept Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism。However，Marx’s main concern at this time was social and mobile bet365 issues，Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism focuses on the religious field，So how did Marx extend it to the social, mobile bet365 and economic fields？

Actually，Proudhon in the same period、Hess and Engels had penetrated deeply into the social, mobile bet365 and economic fields before Marx，And transcend Feuerbach’s narrow religious vision and philosophical approach at different levels，Thus having a complex potential impact on Marx’s ideological transformation。Specifically，Proudhon earlier established the implicit social materialist thought and utopian socialist conception in the context of mobile bet365 economy in "What is Ownership"。On the one hand，Proudhon thinks，Society is the sum of various relationships，Socioeconomic relations constitute the core driving force of historical development，Ownership to family、Religion、Military organization and mobile bet365 system play a decisive role。On the other hand，Proudhon profoundly exposed the falsity of the bourgeois concept of legal rights and the categories of mobile bet365 economy from the perspective of human nature。For example，The premise of bourgeois equal rights and ownership is precisely the inequality in property and class，Thus essentially a form of theft and fraud。Therefore，He proposed a free society that combines communism and private ownership。Although this idea has the color of utopian socialism，But Proudhon’s criticism of bourgeois mobile bet365 rights from the perspective of human nature，It will undoubtedly have a greater ideological impact on Marx, who encountered the difficulties of material interests and communism for the first time，Provided ideological guidance for Marx to turn to mobile bet365 history research and criticism of bourgeois legal power。Hess earlier combined Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism with Proudhon’s critique of mobile bet365 rights。And，Hess’s critical thinking on alienation took the lead in realizing the transformation from mobile bet365 alienation criticism to economic alienation criticism，Thus completing the progressive expansion of Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism earlier。Hess extended the logic of humanistic alienation criticism to the mobile bet365 field in "Philosophy of Action" and developed the mobile bet365 alienation criticism。He thinks，The basis of the mobile bet365 state and civil society is not rationality and law，But an egoistic individual，The mobile bet365 state is just a tool for the ruling class to extract the blood and sweat of the people，In this sense，Bourgeois freedom and equality are just another kind of slavery。In "On the Nature of Money"，Hess further extended the logic of humanistic alienation criticism to the economic field and proposed a currency alienation critique。He emphasized，Currency in the secular world is the product of the alienation of human communication nature，is a symbol of human slavery。To this，He proposed a conception of ethical communism，Believe that only through the union of love and reason can mobile bet365 alienation and monetary alienation be abandoned。Although Hess has not gotten rid of the rut of utopian socialism，But its ideas of mobile bet365 alienation and economic alienation undoubtedly provide Marx with a direct and important philosophical methodology reference。Under the influence of Hess, Engels made an earlier attempt to combine Feuerbach’s humanistic critique with the critique of bourgeois mobile bet365 economy，And with more solid empirical research and mobile bet365 economics research, he established a more distinct revolutionary communist position。In "Outline of Critique of National Economics"，Engels exposed the cruelty of bourgeois private ownership based on objective reality。For example，Under bourgeois private ownership，Competition between people puts people in a state of mutual hostility and servitude。At the same time，Engels severely criticized the falsity and contradiction of bourgeois mobile bet365 economics from a humanistic perspective。For example，He criticized the hypocrisy and inconsistency of Smith’s free trade theory, which completely damaged free humanity。He actively advocates the elimination of private ownership、Competition and opposing interests，And emphasizes that the periodic economic crisis caused by blind competition will inevitably bring about social revolution。These views became the motivating factors for Marx to turn to a firm revolutionary communist position。

The complex logical process of mobile bet365 first ideological transformation

Based on multiple theoretical support background and own theoretical exploration，Marx’s first thought transformation went through a complex process of logical evolution。Everyone knows，The starting point of Marx’s philosophical thought is self-awareness philosophy and rationalist national view with strong background of Hegelian speculative idealism and bourgeois enlightenment thought。During the period of "Rheinische Zeitung"，Marx encountered the twin difficulties of material interests and communism for the first time。On the one hand，Marx sharply criticized the phenomenon of "material interests prevailing" from the perspective of "national rationality and national ethics" as a kind of "obscene materialism"，This is his denial and rejection of the "materialist" facts with private interests as the core based on the Hegelian objective idealist rational state view。On the other hand，Although Marx had reservations about various communist and socialist trends at that time，But it is particularly rigorous that the treatment of the works of Proudhon and others "must not be based on superficial opinions、A moment of imagination to criticize”，It must be criticized through long-term and in-depth research。This shows，Proudhon’s criticism of mobile bet365 rights has attracted Marx’s attention，And prompted his existing mobile bet365 stance to begin to waver。This double difficulty prompted Marx to turn to in-depth research on European and American mobile bet365 history during the period of "Kreuznach Notes"。Marx realized during his research，Private property has always constituted the core element of the mobile bet365 state in history，The state and law are fundamentally designed to safeguard the private interests of the ruling class。This once again confirms Proudhon and Hess’s criticism of modern civil society and private property from a historical perspective，Laid an important foundation for Marx’s first ideological transformation。On this basis，Marx established the implicit social materialist thought of "civil society determines the state" in his "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" of the same period。However，Looking at the overall context of the text，At this time, Marx mainly understood civil society from the perspective of mobile bet365 rights and private interests，Civil society as an objective economic relationship in the context of mobile bet365 economy has not been touched yet。Therefore，Marx held a negative and critical attitude towards civil society in general，Therefore, we do not agree with the fact that “civil society determines the country”。So，This kind of social materialism is not the dominant materialist position that Marx consciously established at this time。The author thinks，Marx’s dominant philosophical logic at this time was the critical logic of mobile bet365 alienation based on Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism，And this is likely to come from the influence of Hess。Specifically，Marx will family、Civil society and the state regard it as “the objectification of human nature”，And advocate the establishment of a "real democracy" on the basis of criticizing bourgeois democracy and mobile bet365 rights。This clearly abandons bourgeois revolutionary democracy in terms of mobile bet365 stance，But the idea of ​​communism has not yet been clearly stated。

In "On the Jewish Question"，Under the influence of Proudhon and especially Hess, Marx realized the transformation from a humanistic critique of mobile bet365 alienation to a critique of economic alienation，And initially outlines the germination of communist thought based on humanistic materialism。First，Marx continued to follow the logic of humanistic criticism of mobile bet365 alienation and profoundly criticized the historical limitations of bourgeois mobile bet365 liberation，Emphasizing mobile bet365 liberation cannot bring about human liberation，But it divides people into citizens and citizens。Continue，Marx, like Proudhon and Hess, exposed the falsity of bourgeois right one by one，So-called human rights、Freedom、Equality、Property and safety are just to maintain the self-interest principle of civil society。Therefore，The root of mobile bet365 alienation lies in civil society，The critique and transcendence of mobile bet365 alienation must go deep into the critique of civil society。So，Marx’s logic of criticism of alienation is further advanced to the level of criticism of economic alienation，And this is probably inspired by Hess’s humanistic critique of monetary alienation。Marx pointed out，In civil society，Money becomes the god of practical needs and selfishness，The essence of labor that becomes the same person but different person，And make people worship it。The liberation of man is to liberate mankind from the "Jewish spirit"。And only when real individuals realize their inherent social power，And organize this social force to overcome the fragmentation of reality，Thus becoming a quasi-being，Only when human liberation can be truly realized。here，Marx truly established the philosophical foundation of humanistic materialism at the level of criticism of economic alienation，On this basis, he initially expressed the communist position。Marx further clearly elaborated his philosophical communism and proletarian revolutionary stance from the perspective of humanistic materialism in the "Introduction to "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"。Marx pointed out: “Critical weapons cannot of course replace weapons of criticism，Material power can only be destroyed with material power；Once the theory has grasped the masses，It will also become a material force...The root of man is himself。”The “theory” here refers to the Feuerbachian humanistic materialism that advocates that “man is the highest essence of man”，“The masses” refers to the proletariat as the product of the industrial movement，The two constitute the liberated mind and heart of man respectively。Visible，Marx thoroughly forged humanistic materialism into the philosophical foundation and spiritual weapon of the proletarian revolution，Also consider the proletariat as the material weapon of humanistic philosophy，Thus intrinsically combining philosophical logic and mobile bet365 stance。This clear revolutionary tendency is likely to come from the influence of Engels。

In short，Marx initially realized the simultaneous transformation of philosophical logic and mobile bet365 stance during the "Annals of Germany and France": he turned to Feuerbach-style humanistic materialism in philosophical stance，Turn towards revolutionary communism based on humanistic materialism in mobile bet365 stance。Of course，At this time Marx mainly realized this transformation at a general level，A complete theoretical system has not yet been established。For example，At this time, Marx’s humanistic materialism and its alienation critical logic still mainly stayed at the level of communication alienation based on monetary alienation，Not yet deep into the level of labor alienation，Not even drawing on Hegel’s negative dialectics to fully elucidate the philosophical methodological basis for abandoning total alienation，There is no demonstration of the essential connection and realistic path between abandoning alienation and realizing communism，These works were completed during the period of "Paris Manuscripts"。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Youth Project “Research on mobile bet365 ‘Machine and Technology Notes’ and Historical Materialism Innovation” (21CZX002))

(Author’s unit: Department of mobile bet365, Nanjing Normal University)