Different social reality and historical tasks based on facing different social reality，Marxist theory presents different research topics in East and West。Practice of Oriental Socialist countries emphasizes objective regularity、Historical inevitability、The scientific nature of Marxism，Marxist theory of Western capitalist countries emphasizes the motivation of the subject、Social critical、Humanity of Marxism。Although Marx proposed that the world ’s proletarians are united to make the proletarian revolution，But Western Marxists faced the realistic situation of the proletarian revolution that failed to occur in the developed capitalist countries in the West，Re -examine the modern capitalist society，and new exploration of the revolutionary road and liberation issues。Focus on the subject and the theme of the revolution，Western Marxism gradually forms a class from the lack of wake -up and lack of awareness of critical ideology. State machines to reshape the new revolutionary subject。

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In the early capitalist era，The relationship between capital and labor is the axis heart of the entire social system，The relationship between exploitation and being exploited between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is the most typical、The most significant social relationship。The proletariat only uses violence to overthrow all existing social systems，"Output makes people become insulted、Durants、All the relationships that are abandoned and despised "，Only to build a new order，Get freedom and liberation。This will inevitably require people all over the world to unite，"Make the proletariat into class，overturning the rule of the bourgeoisie，Get the regime by the proletariat "。

But，In the national monopoly capitalist stage，Capitalism not only does not perish but is prosperous and developed，Socialist Soviet Union encountered disintegration。In this scenario，Western Free Democratic System announced to the world with "the attitude of victory" to the world "the end of ideology", bet365 Play online games "historical end", "farewell to the proletariat"，For a while, humans seem to lose the revolutionary direction。In fact，The supervision and rule of Western capitalist countries represented by the United States never go away from us，Revolution seems to be exiting，But it is still contained in the new era problem。As Zizek said，Don't ask "Is there any meaning of the contemporary revolution?"，Should ask the opposite question: What is our predicament today?

The philosophical reflection and re -planning of the revolutionary road 

As mentioned earlier，After Marx，Western Marxists faced the situation where the proletariat revolution failed，Re -examine the modern capitalist society，Try to find a new path that is feasible that is different from traditional Marxism。Based on this，Western Marxists opened up a path of a class who was missing from the lack of awakening.。

After the October Revolution of Russia，Marxist in Europe believes，The reason why the proletarian revolution has not erupted in Europe，Its roots are not mature historical processes、The material conditions of the revolution are not available、The subject of the proletarian revolution is not present，and in the lack of revolutionary consciousness in the proletariat。Lucari opened the logic entrance to awaken the class consciousness of the proletarian with the theory of "materialization"。He distinguishes class consciousness as "psychological class consciousness" (Psychology Class Consciousness) and "IMPUTED Class Consciousness"。The former is an unconscious class consciousness，"Class consciousness -abstract、Formally -at the same time, that is, a kind of people who are restricted by class、Unconsciousness of the economic status of history "。Under unconscious situation，Even if the bourgeoisie and the proletariat actually exist，It is also unable to fundamentally reach the high consciousness of class consciousness。He thinks，The latter is the class consciousness that really needs to wake up。So，How to awaken the real class consciousness of the proletariat? Lucari thinks，In the materialized structure and materialization system of capitalist society，Only fully realized the existing materialized structure，can awaken the class consciousness of the proletariat。Only the theoretical consciousness bet365 Play online games of the theory of materialization of existing social，Only society has consciousness，The proletarian leadership society is possible。He emphasized，The proletarian revolution "not only in the regime，At the same time, in this struggle for social consciousness "。

Grandi also thinks，The key to the proletarian revolutionary struggle is to fight for ideological leadership。But in the face of the Fordist production system，He proposed the idea that is different from the theory of materialization of the comprehensive materialization of Lucaric capitalist society，Instead of continuing Marx's division of productivity and production relations，Different from industrialism and capitalism。Industrialism belongs to the national category of civil society，"In real life，Civil society and the country are the same thing，It must be recognized that freedom release is also the ‘regulation’ of the state promoted and protected by the state through legislation and compulsory methods，This is not just economic activities，And "a clear purpose、Think of Policies "。"National = Political Society+Civil Society"，One is a national violence institution or political legal organization, that is, a political society;。Political Society occupies an absolute advantage in former capitalist countries; civic society has strong power in contemporary capitalist countries。Grandis hopes to gradually grasp the "position war" method that gradually grases ideological leadership，Going out a road that is different from the Western European Revolution that is different from the October Revolution of Russia。

The 1930s，With the implementation of the "New Deal" in the United States and the German Nazis came to the stage，Capitalism enters a new stage，The national machine is fundamentally controlled with strong identical logic，Ideology as a powerful force for national machines，Gel and stifle Class consciousness，The proletarian revolution is temporarily bundled high。Under the comprehensive rule of capitalism，European Marxists are no longer keen on the proletarian revolution，and present the pessimistic emotion of the revolution。And the Frankfurt School is unique，Maintain revolutionary with the revealed "critical Bet365 lotto review theory"。In "Enlightenment Dialectics"，Hawkheimer and Adono's cultural industry for capitalist society、Criticism。They reveal the essence of the cultural industry and the essence of popular music，All are mechanized replication modes under the control of ideological state machines。"The cultural industry pierced the secret of style，That is to follow the order of social level。"Facing everything provided by the cultural industry in the era of mechanical replication，Volkswagen is unable to refuse，It is also unable to avoid the control of the cultural industry。It can be said，It is the cultural industry and popular culture respected by the capitalist society to seize people's main consciousness and creative ability。

Malcuscer's challenge to capitalist ideological state machines from the perspective of scientific and technological criticism。He thinks，Science and Technology as a political governance tool，Power on the function of ideology，Caused "Unity of Thought"。Different from this，Habermas thinks，The technical machinery system is "neutral"，Facing the tendency of colonization of the world of life，Humans still break free of shackles、Get the potential of liberation。The slogan of "Science and Technology is the First Productivity" releases a signal: Science and Technology may be the potential for liberation。Habermas thinks，The "language" medium of "cultural reproduction" in the world has energy movement、Reflection、Coordination，He then proposes to "talk about ethics"，So that people get rid of the "system" "material reproduction" and its medium to become possible。

But，Whether it is Hawkeheimer、Abdo、The negative criticism theory of Malcuscerus，It is still the constructive discussion theory of Habermas，None of the state machines that can fundamentally shake the ideology。The root cause lies in，Cultural critical or ideological criticism Lack of practical power that shakes the capitalist society。So，The theme of the revolution shifted from a critical ideological state machine to reshaping the new revolutionary subject，Finding new practical power that supports revolution。

Multi -dimensional vision and contemporary reshaping of the main body of the revolutionary body 

bet365 live casino games In the wave of industrialization，Western radical left is based on the research method of inheriting traditional Marxism and the theoretical structure of Western Marxism，New judgment on the new situation of the change，Open a new ideological pattern。Badio、Negri、Hart、Vero、Qi Zeke、Abangben、Audible thinkers such as the handle and valley walker，In the era of advanced capitalism, emphasizing micro -radical politics，Consciously surpass the "theoretical vision of cultural critical，Re -revolutionary issues as the core issue from the perspective of political philosophy "。The central question of the revolution has shifted from the lack of the awareness of the proletarian class and the problem of its roots to how to reshape the new revolutionary subject or political subject。If the early capitalist worker class is the main body of change of capitalist order，So what kind of power can be a new subject that shakes the existing order? Contemporary left -wing scholars' remodeling of the new subject mainly presents the four -way direction。

First，Focus on the field of production。Negri、Hart in "Datong World" and Virno in "The Grammar of the Congress" respectively respect the autonomous subject- "Multitude"，and explore a revolutionary path between autonomy and departure。They think，In the post -Ford capitalist era，Small -scale flexible operations dominated by intangible production will gradually replace large -scale production dominated by material production。This change highlights the non -material orientation that cannot be quantified in life，It has common qualities。But，Capital embedded in the political field and political power and legal power and，Together, it constitutes a social order with powerful and the same nature- "Republic of Property"。Capital the same sex will corrode emotional commonality，Only those who have very different or strange traits can be possible to fight the same sex planning of capital，Leave from the same sex social order built by capital，Realizing the autonomy and creation of the subject of life。

Second，Focus on the consumer field。The Walkman of the Stock Valley advocates the "Consumer Joint Movement"，Capitalism with the freedom of refusal to buy。From the perspective of the Bet365 lotto review exchange method, he pointed out the asymmetric relationship between goods and currencies，That is, the currency can be exchanged at will，but the product cannot，Then point out that the workers hold the product are passive，But holding the currency is active。As long as consumers refuse to shop，Capital cycle will break，This means that consumers have the freedom to lose in the production field，Re -control the initiative，The possibility of getting the end of the capital。Compared with the strike，Refusing to buy seems more effective; compared with the producer，Consumers seem to be more resistant。For this，He advocates consumers all over the world to unite to fight capitalism together。

third，Focus on daily life。A -Gumpen analyzed naked life，Indicates that we must always be alert to and resist the special break operation of high sovereignty。From the structural perspective of "the exception of law -law"，The operating mechanism of the current high sovereignty is the state's suspension of the state through an exceptional state，Citizens who have gradually protected the dual protection of politics and laws are reduced to naked life that loses any political protection。Once a person is reduced to naked life，It is like a guinea pig，Can be stifled or requisitioned at will。The terrible thing is，This exceptional state tends to be normalized。So，In daily life，We must always be vigilant and resist the announcement of the high sovereignty and its exceptional status。

fourth，Focus on the political field。Badio proposed in "Existence and Event" and "Logic of the World"，The subject of the loyalty of the incident broke the old model of capitalism through the actual key event，Build a new model of communism。In his opinion，Contemporary capitalism is a pathological，Material homogeneity and spiritual standardization prevailing，and with breakage、Occasionally、Unique、Incidents that are not easy to grasp and unknown，It can just make the political reality cracking and the old situation to the new situation。The main body is only presented in specific events and loyal to the incident，It is possible to establish a new starting point，Open a new perspective，Open the new space of open bet365 Play online games liberation politics and communism。

Contemporary Western radical left -wing for political subjects，It aims to fight the same nature of the social order of capitalist social order with the differences of subjects。In essence，They are focused on independent individuals without dominance，Can't truly realize the enlightenment and solution of individuals、freedom and personality。Only the individual is cast into the whole of social human beings，Personal free melting in the historical process of personal free melting in the proletariat itself and human liberation，On the basis of unified personality and humanity，It is possible to realize the flipping of power and the new life of the subject，It is possible to find the real strength of the reform world。

(Author Unit: College of Marxism University in Sichuan University)