From the "I think I am" to the "I hope I hope I am"，In a sense,，This is a future learning conversion of modern philosophy。According to Bloch's judgment，Most of the philosophers before Marx are satisfied with the world that has been generated by a karma，Ru Plato's fixed concept world，Philosophy preferences talk about the past rather than the future。Marxism is not entangled in the past but facing the future，From this opening a journey of hopes for the kingdom of the future，Forms a revolutionary practical philosophy，Its core topic is how to make the world philosophy and globalization of philosophy。In order to give and strengthen Marxism as a theoretical mission of hope philosophy or future interpretation，Blochtin's in his series of theoretical writings (from "Utopia Spirit to the Principles of Hope") will be promoted to the philosophical category。"Hope" is no longer just a simple emotion or a normal desire，but a passion with the most human characteristics。People always live in the future in the future。From the view of Bloch，Establishing upright is the beginning of human world from the animal world，The more fundamental difference between humans and animals is，People always have a wish to live a better life。Western traditional philosophy defines people as rational animals。Indeed，If there is no reason，People’s freedom of freedom cannot be expressed。but，If people have no hope，Then people's rationality will not bloom and bear fruit。Following Descarto's "I think I am in"，"I hope I am" a new rule for humanity and its subjectivity，So people become hopeful animals。"Hope" turns from an emotional phenomenon into a category of epistemology，Even becoming a category of existence theory。Under the theoretical interpretation of Bolk's "Hope Philosophy"，The Marxist philosophy system is interpreted as a philosophical anthropology with "hope" as the basic category。

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Greek mythology "Pandora’ Bet365 app download s Box "first mentioned" Hope "。When Pandora opens the box and will all kinds of disasters，As greedy、Jealousy、Defamation、hypocrisy、Evil、Pain and other releases when the world is released，She covered the box before her "hope" inside，So "Hope" stay in the box。This myth is confusing。Why only "hope" stay? Is "hope" a disaster or an unknown?，It is just reflected in the different attitudes of ancient Greek philosophy and Christian teachings。Plato regards "Hope" as a kind of emotion that can easily lead to loss and chaos in "Timio"。In Christian teachings，"Hope" as one of the three basic virtues of believers，Two -tier with faith and blog，Even "Hope" is the core of Messianism，"We care about hope; just the hope we see is not hope，Who is looking forward to what he sees? But if we look forward to the unintelligible，Just wait to wait "。Since the Enlightenment，Western modern philosophy replaced the "hope" of Christianity based on rational progress.。"Hope" of religion is secularized，People become God with reason。Kant raised three basic problems in rational anthropology: What can I know? What should I do?，So hope is a good emotion; if you want to lead to non -morality and lightness，So hope is a psychological disease。Start from nihilism，Nietzsche originally regarded hope as the worst thing，Because I hope it is just extending the pain of people。but，He later in "The saying" of Charatustera "，The biggest hope of proposing people is the deepest reflection on life。

Entering the 20th century，World War、Holocaust、Ecological disasters, etc.，Putting the issue of "Hope" in the agenda of the discussion of philosophy and social sciences。Discuss "Hope" from the perspective of philosophical anthropology (covering epistemology and existence theory) and other theoretical disciplines.，Representative works include Marcel's "Traveler: Introduction to Metaphysics"、Goldfrer's "Philosophy of Human Hope"、"Hope and Foresee"、Lin Qi's "The Map of Hope"、Manning Gel's "Hope"、Floom’s "The Revolution of Hope" and Harvey’s "The Space of Hope"。

　The theoretical construction of "Hope Philosophy"

What is hope? What do bet365 best casino games you hope to mean for humans?。In his masterpiece "Principles of Hope"，I hope to get the encyclopedia's full -book explanation。From this，Hope is no longer a normal emotion，It is no longer a useless fantasy，Instead of a person's life passion。This passion not only expresses the fundamental desire of human pursuit of a good life，And as a special understanding of a person，Even the basic way of existence of human life activities。It is the passion for hope，A world that has not yet existed and will exist to us。In hope，Humans always move forward towards the distant horizon，Because the nature of human life is not now but to be future。Human existence is full of possibilities，It may become a reality mainly depends on human subjective wishes，Is there any hope for people。The attitude of hope is not only the subjective orientation，And the utopian power in human nature。Build a hope philosophy，It is to discover and enhance transcendent desire in human nature。Bloch starts from analyzing the little daydream，Give "subjective hope" and "objective hope" division。The so -called "subjective hope"，Generally, the subject's own self -confidence and self -affirmation，And this kind of conviction and affirmation are also pointed out by "objective hope"; so -called "objective hope"，It is often formed by the content of the maximum possibility。So，From the view of Bloch，The real hope is promoted by history and trends。Brief words，I hope to rise from simple subjective willingness to the essential provisions of the world process，The possibility of material production tends to。The power of negative and transcendence not only exists in human subjective consciousness，Also existing in the changes of the material object。

From ancient times of hope emotionalism and Christian hope, the theory of redemption developed to Bolhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh，We have seen the category of ascending the theory of epistemology.。If we ask where the hope is from; why is human beings hopeful; whether the hoping is a wishful thinking or a real "forward intention" and the unrealized possibility，Then we will find it，Bloch bet365 Play online games tries to find the "hoped" ending point between subjective wishes and objective trends。People are a limited but open subject，When people face the same open world process，So there is a between people and the world、The interaction between the subject and the object。The dream of hope and the trend of material can achieve the same sex，The final world becomes a real home。Broch proposed three core concepts to demonstrate such a dialectical process that realizes "hope"。First，The emergence and implementation of "Hope" depend on "front"，Because there is "front", there is "hope"。"In front" is the most advanced thing in the era。"Earlier" represents a hyper -trim ideal，It also points to a inner others。As a hyperwriting ideal，"Earlier" refers to the essence of a person (that is, out of alienation reality) or a dream to be realized。There is a huge difference between the ideal person and the real person，This is an attractive utopian force that may become realistic。At the same time，"Earlier" is not just a transcendence outside，and things in the subjective inside，It is the subjective premise that enables the nature of people。In other words，The change of the world depends on objective and subjective effects。Next，The reason why people have hope，It is because facing the novel and unprecedented things，That is the breakthrough and touch of "novelty"。Novelty will give birth to a possibility that has not existed without consciousness。When it is different from the past and the novelty in front of you，People are no longer satisfied with what seems to have been determined。Make all kinds of active ideas and thoughts in the depths of the human heart，It constitutes an explosive impulse that has a successful realization of people's excessive status quo。"Novelty" also has the specific meaning of personal and historical。For individuals，Novelty is like a new beginning that has caused personal inherent attention，Make the soul facing the future; from the perspective of historical development，Novelty has an impact from the future that has not yet existed，Sometimes there is also breaking the traditional change bet365 live casino games that overcomes the past。The flames of novel things may be extinguished，But it will never go out thoroughly，Instead, it will become more and more prosperous，It is the "Fire of Stars，You can Laoguan "。Last，The support of the hope is the "situation" as the possibility exist。"Incidental" is of course not a changeable mechanical accumulation，Instead, the realistic basis of the development process of things。As a mobile existence，"Incident" is the existence that has not been fulfilled，This constitutes our future soil and material。In short，"Earlier", "New", "Novelty" and "Incident" generate the most precious things on the person，That is hope。Because of hope，So human life becomes a transcendence existence，is a process of adventure that breaks through the established reality and keep moving forward。

　"Hope" and "Specific Utopia"

Bloch criticizes traditional philosophy，Because traditional philosophy will exist in the same way、Absolutely even God is completely equivalent to fixed and certain things，It seems that all development and changes are towards this fixed thing or from this fixed thing。Traditional philosophy is often looking back，Always immersed in the past and constant time and space，Therefore, the traditional philosophy lacks a revolutionary ideological dimension。Contrary to it，Marxism is looking forward，"Specific Utopia" based on the analysis of objective development trends。This specific utopian is different from "abstract utopia"，Because it is "optimism of fighting" and "materialism for the future"。As a hope philosophy，The integrity and practicality of Marxism are composed of "cold flow" and "hot flow"。It is because of the common effect of "cold flow" and "heat flow"，The seemingly contradictory "specific utopia" has a reasonable explanation。According to Bloch's discussion，The so -called "cold flow"，refers to the scientific orientation of Marxism，That is, the scientific analysis of social and historical development; the so -called "heat flow"，refers to the scientific orientation of Marxism，That is, Marx's theory of communist theory of Bet365 app download eliminating human alienation。Communism is the intention of striving to be liberated，It is the free kingdom that is conceived for those who are insulted and slavered。"Specific Utopia" represents that humans have returned to the same sex home，That is, the relationship between people and the world is no longer an unfamiliar and gap，Instead, ending self -alienation and moving towards humanization and natural humanization。"Specific Utopia" is not so much a contradictory adjective，It is not as an indestructible rescue。Because of Bloch's view，"In a monopoly capitalist society，The alienation of a person has reached its shock、There is no point to add。All people and things have become a product，And this false consciousness is increasingly expanded，Here, the most amazing self -alienation and self -splurge，so that people can be trapped in extreme strange、Wandering wandering、Loss of Essentials "。People in capitalist reality seem to be a poor and hopeless vertebrate，This should be the original intention of Bloch thirst to change the world and create hope philosophy。

To eliminate alienation of human nature，Also to make the world a real human homeland，People need to build a dream about the free kingdom。The reason why a person is a hopeful animal，It is that people are an unsteady existence。Bloch's hope philosophy can also be expressed as "the theory of ontology that has not yet existed"。"Noch-Nicht" refers to those things that do not exist or have not been realized，or refers to the possibilities to be realized。Bloch based on the principle of process philosophy，Even from the perspective of the evolution of the universe, people and the world are in the process of "not yet"。The whole world is not completed，The development of the world also contains many potential possibilities。The possibility of potential is also a way of existence，Although this possibility is very inconspicuous in real development。The world is so，People’s life activities are even more so。Fundamental speaking，People are living in the future。Therefore，Utopia with the core of the day dream constitutes the Bet365 app download basic characteristics of human existence。"I hope I am in"，Because of hope，The world shows the utopian map of "front", "novel" and "situation" to humans。Of course，The "specific utopian" of Marxism is to understand and realize the free kingdom through practice。Hope and confidently different。Hope perhaps with the difficult voyage of disappointment and even despair，and are confident that it is based on the determined fixed state。Broch likes to use two words to depict his hope philosophy，That is "process" and "experiment"。"I hope I am" is a process that is directed from the future，It is also an experiment full of risk factor。

Hope perhaps with the difficult voyage of disappointment and even despair