Strong invasion of modern Western civilization，Not only has a huge impact on Chinese society at the level of utensils and systems，In fact, the impact of the collision of the two civilizations on Chinese ideas is more complicated。Liang Qichao’s "On Public Morality" is the product of this complex era。Fan Hao pointed out，Liang Qichao's ethical thought is "a kind of not in the west、That is the New School of the West "。Saying "Not in the West" may not be accurate，After all, Liang Qichao's ethical proposition is not to be detached and independent;，It is indeed a practical grasp of Liang Qichao's ethical thought characteristics。

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In the article "On Public Morality"，Liang Qichao always revolves around advocating public morals、Li Xingde's purpose is expanded。What is "public morality"? first，Liang Qichao's regulations on the essence of "public morality" are from value。Liang Qichao pointed out: "What is the public?，The reason why the country is the country，Lai's virtue is also established。"" This means that "public morality" is a standardized force that maintains the existence and development of the human community，It is the fundamental to human social order and national order。but，Standard the essence of "public morality" with the actual effect value of "public morality"，This method is obviously difficult to directly establish the highest level of "public morality" value。After all，The norms that maintain human social order are not just "public morality"。So，Liang Qichao introduced the theory of human nature，Build "public morality" on the general basis of human nature。"People are also，Animals of the good group also。"" group "is human nature，Therefore, we can maintain the "public morality" of "group"，It's not just a means of self -preservation of human beings，And the self -determination of the moral value from the human nature。

Next，Liang Qichao's clearness of the status of "public morality" is performed on the difference between public and private。"The body of morality is only one，But it was published outside，。"Liang Qichao thinks，Moral is the only ontology，and the use of morality is presented as the distinction between Bet365 lotto review public morality and private morals。Here is obviously borrowed the traditional Chinese body use discrimination to locate the public and private of morality，regards the relationship between "public morality" and "private morality" as a relationship of homology。but，If you only understand from the physical relationship，"Public Morality" and "Private Morality" are "use" levels，So the two are parallel relationships，It is difficult to say what they have high。So，Liang Qichao also borrowed the concept of the division of social and political countries in Western citizens，Division of "Private Morality" and "Public Morality" in the application field。"Private Morality" belongs to the morality in the field of private life，"Public Morality" belongs to the morality of citizens' political life。Although Liang Qichao acknowledged "public morality" and "private morality", both were "indispensable for life"，But he carried out value sorting the two。Because the political country is higher than the public society，Therefore, "Private morality is the foundation of public morals，Gong morality is the accumulation and development of private morality "。This turns the relationship between the parallelism into a progressive relationship，This highlights the lofty status of "public morality"。

Last，Liang Qichao's determination of the content of "public morality" is performed in Chinese and Western comparisons。He calls traditional Chinese ethics "old ethics"，The main content is "Five Lun"。Compared with it，He calls Western ethics "new ethics"，Mainly divided into family ethics、Three levels of social ethics and national ethics。In comparison，Liang Qichao will father and son、Brother、The couple Sanlun corresponds to the family ethics of the West; the friend Yilun corresponds to social ethics;。But he thinks，Friends Yilun is not enough to cover all the content of social ethics，And the monarch and the minister Yilun "All two private gratitude effects"，Not even a national ethics in the full sense。It is not difficult to find，Liang Qichao's so -called "public morality"，The content of the two levels of social ethics and national ethics is roughly included in the range。He pointed out: "People must have this three ethical obligations，Then the personality is Chengbao。"Obviously，Liang Qichao thinks，The real perfect personality is bet365 Play online games in the family、People who are good at "public morality" and "private morality" between society and the country。

Liang Qichao's determination of the connotation of "public morality" in the article "On Public Morality" mainly adopts a "Chinese and Western interoperability" argument，Not only the various concepts and methods of Chinese and Western ethics，and directly determine the content and scope of "public morality" in the comparison of Chinese and Western。

　The necessity of "public morality" advocates Chinese and Western compatibility in the Ming Dynasty

The "public morality" advocated by Liang Qichao is a new moral，But continue to inspect its demonstration process，We are not difficult to find，His argument on "public morality" does not surpass the context of Chinese ethics and Western ethics，Instead, the unique spirit of both ethical forms is combined in "public morality"。First，Liang Qichao's argument on the necessity of "public morality"，Combined with the western concept of equal exchange and Chinese -style repayment feelings。"Mrs. Today's Life is in a group of also，Enjoy the right of its group，It is the obligation of its own group。"People live in groups，Enjoy the rights given by the group，So naturally, you should assume certain obligations to the group。Liang Qichao treats the order rights and obligations in the order of community life，Enjoy its rights，It must do its obligations。At the same time，He obviously understands that this Western -style equal exchange is easy to "not accept the soil and water" in the ethical reality of China。So，He also supplemented the Chinese people’s repayment feelings on the equal exchange of Western rights and obligations。"The group has to benefit me，and I can't help the group，It is the negative of my group without paying it。"The exchange of western -style rights and obligations is an equal exchange of individuals and groups，The two do not seem to have value sorting; the interpretation of the repayment feelings means that individuals have a losing heart for the group，Emphasize the obligation and responsibility of individuals' return to the group。This is the case，The balance of rights and obligations is inclined，The obligation of the individual to the group is highlighted。

Next，Liang Qichao's argument on the necessity of "public morality"，Integrated the western rational spirit and Chinese -style human bet365 live casino games love。One aspect，Liang Qichao quoted the rationality of traditional filial piety to demonstrate the "public morality"。"Groups to others，The country is in the national also，The same grace as parents。"Liang Qichao acknowledged that filial piety and" public morality "had similarity in operation logic。He believes: "Parents to Son also，born，Education，Baozhi，Teaching，Therefore, those who are children have the obligation to report their parents。"Parents' love for their children and their children's love for parents are bidirectional，Filial Tao is linked by the love of such people。Similar，In individual and group、The two -way nature of love between citizens and the country，Groups and countries have concerns and consideration of individual citizens，Individual citizens also respect and love groups and countries。This，"Public morality" like filial piety to have the pulse of human love。On the other hand，Liang Qichao also emphasized，"Everyone fulfills this obligation，The more children, the more children，Parents are more smooth，Family He Yu Chang "。The explanation of filial piety here is discussed from the theory of utility。Filial piety in family ethics is also the result of rational thinking，Among them, it must contain the consideration of benefits。Liang Qichao thinks，Filial Tao must be implemented in the real interests of supplementing parents，Really support parents、Really respect。

Last，Liang Qichao's argument on the necessity of "public morality"，It runs through the Western contract spirit and the tradition used in China，This is reflected in his interpretation of Guande。Liang Qichao thinks，"Other officials，Entrusted by a group of people who governs the matter，Both the obligation of the group，Repeat the obligation to the client "。Double obligation to be an official: First, as a general individual，It is obliged to the group; the second is to be a special commissioner，Obligations for the client。Here，Liang Qichao's understanding of Guande is obviously a social contract。Citizens choose some people as agents of public opinion on the basis of social contracts，These agents have the responsibility to all citizens。So，Liang Qichao thinks，For the official virtue, it must belong to "public morality"。other，Liang Qichao also wrote a fable story in the text: "There are officials Bet365 app download who are dead and Pluto Criminals，Its soul said: ‘I’ m not guilty，My official official is very low。’Pluto said:‘ Limu puppets，Drink in well water，Isn't it better than Jun? Anyone who smells nothing outside of Yu Lian，Is the crime of the king also。。"" Liang Qichao's view，Guande must be used by the world，Those who are official should take care of things、Salvation for the West，If there is no benefit to the people's livelihood、No responsibility for the national nation，Just guilty。

Liang Qichao is in the process of advocating the "public morality" in the process of promoting the "public morality"，Mainly uses the idea of ​​compatible between China and the West。His concept of western rights and obligations is used as a foothold，Rongzhong and Western，Together，The meaning of the dual ethical spirit of "public morality"。

　Chinese and Western interoperability in the "Moral Revolution" initiative

Liang Qichao believes that the tradition of China's self -private morality and ethics has caused a significant negative impact on the country and the people，Therefore, we must change the existing moral state。The transformation of traditional morality，Liang Qichao is mainly "the relationship between the" change 'and' frequent 'of moral ethics "。First，Liang Qichao inspected the "Li" and "Yi" in the development of Western morality。He pointed out: "The stand of morality，So Liqun also。Therefore, because of the difference between the wild and wild，and the morality suitable for it is often different。"Liqun is the fundamental to moral，This principle is unchanged at any time; at the same time，Different civilization of each society，The specific requirements of Liqun in different society are also different。The former is "Li"，The latter is "Yi"。Liang Qichao pointed out，The spirit of the Constitution of the Three Kingdoms of Britain, France, and the United States is based on the public welfare of a certain group，But from the perspective of phenomenon，There are large differences in the constitution of various countries。This shows that although the Lingqun is an abstract、General concept，But it has specific and realistic content。then，Liang Qichao examines the moral "Yi" from the vertical dimension of history。His specific inspection of human marriage system、slavery system and political system，Think in the context of different bet365 live casino games times，The degree of civilization of society is different，So suitable moral requirements and content are different。So，"Moral Revolution" on the one hand should be set up with the evolution of civilization in human society.，On the other hand, we must always adhere to "Guwu Qun、Shanwuqun、Entering Wuqun "" Li "。

Next，Liang Qichao pointed out the "sutra" and "power" in traditional moral gains and losses。How to "moral revolution" to establish new morality? Liang Qichao pointed out that one of the roads is the tradition of profit and loss，The morality of "Xianxian Xianxian Display its Olympics and the descendants" will increase or decrease，Make it developed、There is progress。Liang Qichao pointed out: "Make Confucius and Mencius，It must have profit or loss，Yiming。"He thinks，The morality popular in this world cannot show the subtle meaning of the thoughts of the ancestors，Simple morality of secular ethics can no longer play a role in today's people's hearts。So，Profit and loss tradition is the meaning of the "moral revolution".。Liang Qichao emphasizes that the tradition of profit and loss must have "sutra" and "power"，Both insist on，Also requires power changes。One aspect，Basic profit and loss tradition is not a full negation of traditional morals，The fundamental principle of morality must be firmly held。"Sit abandoning Chen Rotten and still speak，If you vomit and abandon it morally，The disaster of horizontal flow，曷 its own! This disaster has seen Duan 已 已。"" Prosperity and loss tradition requirements abandon the old and rotten ingredients in traditional morals，But if even the fundamental regulations of morality are abandoned，That is overkill，It will also leave hidden dangers for new moral construction。So，The tradition of profit and loss must keep the "Scripture"。but，Perseverance is not a persistence，"Moral Revolution" is to establish a new moral form。So，On the other hand，Basic profit and loss tradition must have a negation of traditional morals。Liang Qichao criticized another conservative conservatives with stubborn traditions。"Teacher Su Confucianism or worries，Want to hold the Song and Yuan Dynasties to curb its flow，How do you know the winning or defeat，No escape! Holding the soil with Sai Mengjin，Wo Cup Water to save salary fire，Although I am exhausted，bet365 Play online games Is there any proper! "therefore，"Moral Revolution"，In the process of profit and loss tradition, we must keep the "Scriptures" and achieve "power"，Avoid a comprehensive negative extreme position and conservative positions to rescue the present。

In Liang Qichao's "Moral Revolution" theory，The historical experience of Western ethics and the era of Chinese ethics need to be interconnected。In the tension of moral "Li" and "Yi" and the "scriptures" and "power" of morality，Liang Qichao has innovation in methodology or epistemology，At the same time, it is also an builder of a new moral world order。So，Liang Qichao is no longer satisfied with the word "new ethics" in the West to call his new moral order，The word "new morality" is specially used。In this sense，He seems to want to surpass Chinese and Western。

To sum up，Liang Qichao's article "On Public Morality" highlights the characteristics of the "middle or west" characteristics of its thoughts。Determination and advocacy of "public morality"，To propose "moral revolution"，His argument、The argument and the basic position are "that is, the middle is the west"。

(The author is a doctoral student at the School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)