Emerging animal enhancement technology is accompanied by emerging human enhancement technology，Is the physical ability to animals (immunity、physical、Pathum, etc.) and mental ability (cognition、Emotional、Consciousness, etc.)，A major contemporary engineering technology that enables the functional level of the animal itself to get fundamentally improved。"Animal Enhancement" as the term as the rise of new biomedical technology and the dual background of the fierce debate of "Human Enhancement" in recent years。Before the emergence of emerging animal enhancement technology，The term commonly used in English is "Animal Breeding"，In Latin，"Animal Improvement" expression is more popular。Different from emerging animal enhanced technology is，These terms originally refer to a technical program for improving animal populations through artificial selection and hybrid breeding (being considered an original form of animal enhancement)，It has not caused greater moral criticism。But through medical drugs、Brainpiece interface、Gene editing、Extension cognition、Humans -Animal chimeric to realize the adjustment and improvement of emerging animal enhancement technology of animals to some extent，It has caused great ethical disputes。Dispute two sides propose some arguments and antibody points around the following three core issues。

　Bet365 app download The most referenced example in animal enhancement research is the study of enhanced the cognitive function mechanism of animals，Especially the study of learning and memory mechanisms。With the birth of human stem cells and mouse cytoplasm embryos，Especially the emergence of human -animal chores，This may mean，We actually created a new species with different moral status，Not just the existing animal。Although there is no "animal with a human brain", it is manufactured，But the prospect of this technology has stirred a considerable ethical dispute。The focus of the controversy is that some scientists and ethicists are worried，Animal enhanced technology may cultivate animals with similar human cognitive ability，or cause human embryos to grow in animals，So as to change its animal identity。

Some researchers think，Animal enhanced technology will not change the identity of animal，No more moral questioning。Andrew T. Cran (Andrew T. CRAN) and others found，More and more evidence indicates，Human -Animal Organic Embryo (HACE) Studies can be performed without the humanization of animals (human characteristics)，Animal identity will not change because of this。Their latest survey data indicates，HACE research has become an important source of human organization and organs，The problem that can be used to solve the shortage of global organ donation，Most American public sees the potential of hace research，Ready to accept it in various forms。Sylvie Bordet and others believe，Organization refers to the stem cell、The products that induce multi -energy cells or a species nuclear transplantation method to introduce the organisms produced in another species of organisms。Human -Animal Chimia has studied in the laboratory for many years，Obviously not to cause too much controversy about species mixing，The chimerus involving human biological materials is used in various fields including stem cell research，Bone marrow transplantation such as physical organ transplantation and bone marrow containing hematopoietic stem cells has been accepted by the public and law。

The party holding the opposition believes，Animal enhanced technology may cause animal identity to change when creating people -animal chimeric，This will produce a series of ethical risks，If it causes moral confusion、Invading human dignity、Damage animal welfare, etc.。Jason Scott Robert (Jason Scott Robert) pointed out，The most reasonable basis for opposing creation of new cross -species creatures is to cause moral confusion。When a person -the phenotype of the animal chimeric body clearly shows human characteristics，It may blur the boundary between humans and other creatures，It caused the public to worry about human identity attributes。Florence Burgat emphasized，GMI is a organism that introduces one or more genes from other species in the genome。bet365 Play online games The introduction of genetically modified technology makes animals closer to humans in biology to become possible。Cabrera Trujillo believes，The transplantation of human derivatives may create chimeric bodies with cognitive ability or behavior similar to humans，This may invade human dignity。Rodolphe Bourre said，If these animals that condensed human brain cells develop a consciousness similar to humans，Then change the nature of the animal itself，What should humans think of them? Are they human or animals?，He realized that he was one of the few people in the scientific community with different opinions。The idea of ​​cultivating human organs in animals that trouble him，Instead of what may happen next: Open the door of the organic body in the middle of the manufacturing intermediate species，When this happens，No natural stop point。

　　Is the purpose of animal enhancement technology the benefit of animals or human interests?Animal enhancement does not have the final goal，No matter how promoted、Strengthen、Optimization、improvement or enhancement，All are human modification of the biological characteristics of animals。So，Armin Grunwald believes that animal enhancement is a technical program for "someone to strengthen a certain standard"。It is undeniable that，All technical procedures for animal enhancement include the consent of the informedness that cannot obtain animals; whether the animal is modified、When will it be modified、How to modify it with，It depends entirely on the person who determines the enhancement standard。These standards are developed by people，and animals have no right to speak in enhancement technology。So，Is the standard developed by humans for the interests of animals or for the interests of human beings?

On the one hand，The starting point of researchers of animal enhanced technology is to learn more about human enhancement through researching the practice of improving animals，They believe that human enhancement of animals is mainly to meet human needs，and rarely consider the animal itself。Arianna Ferrari、Bergt and Gary Comfort (Gary Comstock) and other philosophers pointed out，In a world bet365 best casino games that determines the action of human beings，Even if it is improved (not to be enhanced)，Also always always for the interests of human beings，and rarely consider the interests of animals themselves。For example，Ferrari thinks，Animal enhancement actually encourages a strong humanistic style centered on human -centered parental style，presents "nature" as the final territory where human technology companies can colonize。Berg pointed out，The goal of animal enhancement is never to make the animal's life and well -being better，Instead of improving animal characteristics that are useful to humans。Kumstok emphasized，As mentioned in what the animal rightist Tom Reagan said，Animals are the subjects with inherent value，So we have no right to treat them as a means to achieve their goals，Can't just enhance animals for the interests of human beings。

On the other hand，The purpose of supporting animal enhancement technology is for researchers who think of animal interests.，The original intention of many enhanced or weakened technical programs is also for the benefit of animal interests，They lifted the pain of animals。Chen Shuhua (Sarah Chan) pointed out，The consideration of the interests of animals is the core of animal enhancement technical ethics，We can according to the interests of other animals，Ethical obligations for them。If this is the case，So when enhancement is good for animals，Animal enhancement can be enhanced like humans，Become a moral obligation。Other researchers also think，Although the practice of animal enhancement directly considers the interests of animals is very small，Most of them are hovering from the perspective of human centralism to indirectly consider animal interests，But animal enhancement technology is objectively good for animal interests，Because of the ethical framework of human enhancement，Take into account the interests of animals，Many experimental targets have indeed lifted the pain of animals to a certain extent。So，Can't add disconnection of animal enhancement technology is completely for the interests of human beings，should be exactly said that humans shoulder the obligation to protect animals at the same time。This seems to have returned Bet365 lotto review to the ethical and long -lasting utilitarian theory and obligation theory。Stephen May (Stephen May) believes，It is more challenging to enhance their obligations for the interests of all animal species，Enhanced domestic animals to help them enjoy a better life with humans to be established，But the ethical obligations that enhance wild animals are unclear。To sum up，The argument of utilitarianism and obligation only applies to the ethical category of animal individuals or single species，Can't stand on this category，This needs to quote the argument of "inter -species between justice" to meet。Although ethical disputes are still continuing，It is difficult to settle down in the short term，But animal enhanced technology is like the arrow of the string。

　　Is the animal enhancement technology increase the animal welfare or damage the animal welfare?In animal enhancement research，The issue of animal welfare has never been excluded outside ethical disputes。From the perspective of the term，"Enhancement" itself is a meaningful word，It is easy to remind people of this is a technical program that improves animal welfare。Another，Piero Gayozzo (Piero Gayozzo) specifically wrote an article that proposes several other terms related to animals，such as animal uplift (animal promotion)，Animal Augmentation，And think that they are easily confused and used，Need to further clarify and clarify。Although these terms are similar，But they refer to different types of technical procedures，You can use it separately in specific context and different occasions。In addition to the "weakening of animals", which is a bit like derogatory term，Other terms seem to be the meaning of the aimed at improving animal welfare。But is this really the case?

Some researchers think，Animal enhancement technology can eliminate animal pain、Help the ability of disabled animals to restore action、Improve animal cognitive ability and enhance animal resistance，This actually helps to increase animal welfare。David Pearce is a vegetarian，His opposition to humans' exploitation of animals，I advocate the use of microelectrodial、Neuropharmacology and gene therapy to reduce or eliminate pain at the Bet365 app download individual level，It is proposed to change the enhanced ethical framework from a human -centered perspective to the angle of the non -human center，Call for enhancement technology for developing and using the pain of eliminating animals。Elisabeth Omandy (Elisabeth Organ) pointed out，Although many farm animals that have created many genetic and genetic editors have been created to improve productivity、Efficiency and profit，But the purpose of the application technology of genetically modified animals was to improve animal welfare by enhancing anti -disease。James Hughes (James Hughes) defends the principle of equal consideration of interests，It is believed that the obligation to improve the disabled animals is as large as the obligation of our disabled humans。Insoo Hyun (Insoo Hyun) and others in favor of chimeric research，They borrowed from scientists such as Andreas Schedl (Andreas Schedl) and other scientists using human genes to save the eyes of mice's eyes，Discovery transferred homologous human genes to mice，When checking its ability to save the eyes of the eyes，Results are convincing: one eye forms again，Human genes in the mouse saved the eyes of the mouse，This is an effective experiment for animal enhancement technology to increase animal welfare。other，New biomedical technology also contributes，It can enhance animal immunity，Make animals get more healthy physique and abilities。

At the same time，Opposing sounds seem to be overwhelming。Kumstok thinks，Animal enhanced technology may also make the life of animals more painful，Pigs with human growth hormone genes have severe arthritis and diseases。Ferrari reviewed animal enhancement from the perspective of superhumanism，He criticized，In the current research literature，Even in the superhumanist，Lack of pain for animals、Attention of experiments and exploitation。Bergt explores animal enhancement from a wider perspective，She believes that animal enhanced technology does not have any real forms of "improvement" in the health and welfare of animals，Just to improve their useful animal characteristics for humans。Chen Shuhua pointed out the goose that forced the liver enlightenment of the liver Bet365 lotto review for foie gras for human beings as an example，Many "enhancement" that increased animal adaptability for human purposes obviously violates animal interests，This so -called "enhancement" seriously damages animal welfare。Nikki Osborne and others think，Although genetic control can be considered "enhanced" animals，But all practices that change animal genetic materials will bring ethical problems，Some of these involved adverse effects on animal welfare。Rowna Packer said，Human has successfully manipulated the watch of cats and dogs，and more and more evidence indicates that these phenotype changes are related to genetic diseases，They have a major threat to animal welfare。

(Author is associate professor of Xiangnan College)