Huang Zongxi (1610-1695) is a famous thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，His writing is quite abundant，Among them, "Mingyi to Be visited" is a very important and special book in the history of Chinese political thought，Concentrated reflects Huang Zongxi’s practical thought。

In the first year of Kangxi (1662), for the anti -Qing career，is a devastating year。Huang Zongxi is writing "Mingyi to Worth Recording" in this year。After the hope of restoring the home country in reality is completely shattered，Instead, he can break away from the actual anti -Qing run，Draw away specific historical scenes，Calm reflection of the reason for the death of the home country。Huang Zongxi's reflection in the book can be seen from two aspects: on the one hand，"Mingyi to be visited" through in -depth discussion of many practical problems in the construction of the country，Show Huang Zongxi's attention to real problems、Pay attention to the tendency of practical learning，It is a fundamental reversal for the road direction for the kingmen of the Ming Dynasty; on the other hand,，The grand and wide historical perspective of the book "Mingyi To Visit"，We can also find it，Huang Zongxi's pain for the death of the Ming Dynasty，The profound reflection has already surpassed the rise and fall of one family and one family，Start reflecting on the history of the entire feudal dynasty overall。He is thinking about the success and failure of the advantages and failure of the design of the entire traditional political system，Try to propose your ideal of designing the national system。Both aspects can be regarded as Huang Zongxi's efforts made by learning to amend the disadvantages of Song and Ming Confucianism。

Confucianists in the Easy Dynasties of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Most of the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty as the king gate and learn to talk about the roots、Unrealistic learning style。This is because of，In the Song Dynasty, the science of the Song Dynasty opened bet365 Play online games the theoretical process of Confucianism constantly turning to the inner theoretical，In the traditional "Internal and Outside King" structure，Confucianists who represent emerging trends are increasingly focusing on the focus of attention on the "Inner Saint" side。In their opinion，Everything in the world has a common foundation，This is the heavenly reasoning of Song Ming Confucianism。Once we grasp、Understanding Tianli，It can be appropriately in the situation of life -wide life，Make the right choice。This means，We may adopt a simple control、Simple and clear life road。The eternal nature can make us always calmly meet all the uncertainty that may come at any time in life。Of course，I am curious about the world like Zhu Xi、For philosophers who are full of vigilance for human nature，He always insists that he cannot present it directly inside the person，We still need to go through hard learning and cultivation to be almost near。

But，Ming Dynasty Heart Studies completely broke the inherently barriers of nature and people。Because of the development of thought, there is often its own logic，The road to the inner road is opened，It will go further and further。The Ming Dynasty Great Confucian Wang Yangming re -inspired the vitality of the concept of "conscience" from Mencius。In the context of Song and Ming Confucianism，Conscience is the presentation of nature in human nature，The two are essentially the same thing。If heaven is more refers to the ontology of all things in heaven and earth，So conscience is to understand and present the ontology as one side of the person。From the perspective of Yangming，Although conscience needs to depend on natural reason，Or the same body as heavenly to the same body，But the inherent nature of conscience indicates that we can directly pass through the inner reflection。Wait until Wang Longxi talked about his understanding of conscience in front of Yangming in his later years，Internal turning turning finally reached the extreme: "If the mind and body are good, no good，It is also the meaning of no good, no evil，Knowing is also a knowledge of no good, no evil，Things are things that are not bet365 best casino games good and evil。"Wang Longxi's" Four Words "undoubtedly shows a tendency to completely ignore the external real world。Since the root cause of this world significance is purely from human inner，Then all we have to do is to look at the self -province completely，Back to the inner nature of people。Results of doing this，It is caused by "adhering to the trust of conscience" and "handling practical affairs" (that is, the use of the sutra of practical studies)。

When we want to pursue a conscience that can be used as all realistic and moral foundations，Conscience must only be a single、Pure。But，The real world is always complicated、trivial、full of conflict。Persist in a single conscience，will make us no longer pay attention to the complexity of the real world，No longer cares about the specific knowledge and history of the real world。This is the question of Huang Zongxi's criticism: "Confucianism，Jingwei World，And later generations take the quotation as the end，Only answers one or two to the door of Yiluo，Board of Confucianists，Fake its name is to deceive the world: those who treat wealth are gathered，Kaishi defending border is a rough material，Reading composition is aware of the funeral of the game，Pay attention to politicians is a hind official。"Confucianism originally pointed to the real world、The practical learning used in Jingshi，But the development of the Song and Ming dynasties reached the end of the Ming Dynasty，Confucians only pay attention to improving the so -called internal morality，Care about all actual affairs as a vulgar knowledge and disregard it。

For this，Huang Zongxi Anti -Avoid this atmosphere，In "Mingyi Beauty, I want to visit", I enthusiastically devoted themselves to the many specific sciences that the Confucians of the Song Ming Confucianist。We can not only see that he discusses the question of imperial examinations that Confucian scholars generally care about，You can also see him in the historical development perspective，Quite an internal analysis of the field system of the Ming Dynasty、System、Tax、Official system and other very detailed questions。More special is，When he analyzes the bet365 live casino games problem, he can get rid of the thinking mode of morality in Song and Ming Confucianism.，Facing the essence of the problem itself。such as，The well field system has always been regarded as an ideal system model by the Confucian.，However, in Huang Zongxi's view，Jingtian system has no special moral significance，It's just a matter of taxation。Therefore, for Huang Zongxi，Learning，Should be practical，instead of being disturbed by those mysterious words。He not only analyzes the possibilities of Confucian political and ideological theory，Criticism of various systems based on Confucian political ideals，And is good at facing the real history，Analyze the realistic consequences caused by different system design。This makes Huang Zongxi's conclusion is not idealized、Utopia -style，but pragmatic。For example, his relationship with the monarch and minister、The meaning of the prime minister、The relationship between the county and the feudal and feudal、Thinking of the system of selecting talents，All full of reality，Analysis of the consequences of the advantages and disadvantages of the real system。

Huang Zongxi's "Mingyi Beauty Beauty" Another significant feature is that it proposes Confucian positions，Treatment of national politics、Economy、A complete set of system design for military issues。If we look at it from this perspective，I will find that the book "Mingyi Benefits" presents a clear structural arrangement。"Mingyi to visit" except "Title"，Total 23 articles，It can be divided into two parts as a whole。The first part is the previous three "Yuan Jun", "Original Counselor", "Original Law"，It can be regarded as the theoretical basis of Huang Zongxi's institutional design。"Original" means to explore the original original，is based on "three generations" as a model，Specific analysis of the fundamental ideal of Confucianism in human political affairs，and how can real politics deviate from this ideal structural reason。These three articles are prepared for the following system construction。The following articles such as "Phase", "School", etc.，Is the second part，It is to build bet365 best casino games a specific system construction that can truly realize the ideal of Confucian political ideals。Huang Zongxi continuously compares different historical situations in the discussion，The purpose is to provide historic support for the system he designed for him。

This kind of concern and trust in the system，It is the basic theory preset that Huang Zongxi tried to change the establishment of Song Ming science，The efforts made by solving realistic political issues。Song Ming Confucianism adheres to the ideal of Confucian "internal and outer king"，But in a scientist，"Internal and Outside King" is not two different directions in the two side，Instead, there is an inner theoretical structure。Inner saints are the foundation of obtaining the career of the king，And the career of the outer king is the natural result of the Confucian sanctification。Therefore，Song and Ming Confucianism basically tend to politics、Social problems are attributed to moral issues，Hope to pass the emperor、The personal moral cultivation of the minister to solve the problem that originally belonged to the public domain。This solution continues Confucian confidence in human nature，Preset of the results of human nature and good。The consequences of doing this are，The independence of political and social issues was canceled，The construction of the political system with the education of human nature，All hopes that solve the public problems are pinned in the efforts that are constantly guiding people to good。Once human nature is difficult to change，Fonentians are often helpless，No helpless。From the eyes of Huang Zongyu，When we review history，It is easy to find that this solution is invalid。The monarchs are taught to be "righteous and sincere"，But rare people are willing to give up their own private for the interests of the people，More is the continuous expansion of the private desire of "the benefits of the world"。For this，Huang Zongxi Yi Yi Anti -Confucian Traditional Construction of Rites and Education，Start by the selfishness of the person，Point out "At the beginning of life，People are selfish，Everyone is also beneficial "。Of course, bet365 best casino games this does not mean that Huang Zongxi believes that human nature is evil，Instead of his opinion，If we want to solve public problems effectively，You cannot pin the hope on the basis of good human nature，Instead, the preset person is selfish，can we carefully build the system and obtain the actual effect。Human combination into a community，is to better meet the needs of personal interests，instead of promoting from moral consciousness。Therefore，To solve the politics of the public domain、Social Questions，You must find new solutions outside the moral field。From the eyes of Huang Zongyu，This new way is institutional construction，Only in this way can the original beautiful ideal of Confucianism be realized。Therefore, you can see it in "Mingyi Beating Visit"，Huang Zongxi put forward the concept of specific system design in various areas of public life。

For example，When talking about the specific political system structure，Huang Zongxi explicitly pointed out in "Mingyi to visit"，Destruction of the political order of the Ming Dynasty，It started with Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang。After analyzing the relationship between Junxiang，It proposed a specific design of the re -establishment of the prime minister system。Because in his opinion，The Prime Minister plays a very important function in the traditional political structure。Prime Minister as a bureaucracy，It can represent the entire bureaucratic agency to obtain the political status of almost equal to the monarch，From this to limit the absolute power of the monarch。Then，Only by selecting Xian to appoint the prime minister，It can avoid the position of the monarch who always rely on the political risk that may be transmitted by blood。above，The monarch and the prime minister are considered as a functional link in the political system structure to consider，It can be seen that Huang Zongxi did not consider how the inner virtue of the person who assumed this role。From another angle，It is Huang Zongxi's trust and dependence on the system，so，It can more reliable to realize the beautiful political ideals of Confucianism。From the eyes of Huang Zongyu，Only based on the bet365 live casino games construction of the system，Only the practical learning that can be truly used in the world。

Huang Zongyu's big transformation period of Ming and Qing thought，​​When he was writing "Mingyi to Be visited"，Almost the "end" of the entire Chinese cultural tradition，"Looking back" the traditional success or failure。The pain of the death of the country in the late Ming Dynasty，Let him deeply feel the unrealistic tendency of Song and Ming science，Therefore, turn your eyes to the surrounding real world，Turn to history，Turn to various practical transactions and knowledge。Based on this，He also constructed his own practical system，Promoting the development of the trend of the world during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。

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