bet365 code and Kant represent two directions of enlightenment，They all wrote "What is Enlightenment"。Kant belongs to the 18th century，bet365 code belongs to modern times。Domestic readers are more familiar with Kant’s thoughts，I am mainly talking about the enlightenment issue of "people"，How bet365 code surpassed Kant。

In Foucault’s view，Nietzsche discovered that Kant fell into "anthropological slumber"，bet365 code comes from Kant’s “Anthropological Quadrangle”: “When Kant added ‘what is man’ to his traditional trilogy，So three critical questions (What can I know？What should I do？What can I wish for？) is related to this fourth question，and somehow attributed to 'its description'。”

Kant’s four questions above，In the form of cogito or reflection，Defining people from the aspects of epistemology and ethics。Foucault To Rethink Enlightenment，First of all, we must re-examine “people”，And bet365 code requires re-examining "what is cogito or reflection"。Same concept or word，Can be rethought in different ways，bet365 code is the philosophical method followed by Foucault。

Foucault brought a scholar’s ​​sensitivity to words and a philosopher’s profundity，Rethinking “I think” or “reflection”。We usually call Kant the founder of German classical philosophy。Kant’s philosophy can be traced back to Descartes’ rationalism in the 17th century，“Reflection” is a Cartesian method of contemplation，And inherited by Kant，bet365 code has clear evidence。When Kant completed the trilogy，When I finally answered “What is a human being?”，He will face the challenge Nietzsche issued at the end of the 19th century，Because Nietzsche proposed the "Superman" - man must be surpassed。So，About people，There is a dispute between classical and modern。To this，Poets can write poems，But philosophers have to "reason"。

Different from watching a suspense movie，I want to make the conclusion first，Reveal the answer first，Then look for the thought process。Follow the direction opened by Nietzsche，Foucault believed that the key concept of classical philosophy is "reflection"，And one of the key words of modern thought represented by Nietzsche，bet365 code’s “not thinking”。

Can one appear in the direct and supreme transparency of the cogito？Classical philosophy says "can"，Modern thought says "cannot"。Foucault wrote: "Man is such a way of being，i.e. always open、What has never been defined once and for all... is also puzzling to people (la méconnaissance，Also means ‘unrecognizable’ and ‘unrecognizable’) place，This puzzlement always causes people’s thinking to be surpassed by its unique existence，At the same time, it allows people to remember on the basis of escaping everything about people。bet365 code for this reason，The necessity of modern forms of transcendental reflection does not lie in the existence of natural science as in Kant，But in an unknown existence，This existence is silent，yet eloquent and secretly penetrated by a possible word，Starting from this unknown，Man is constantly called upon to know himself。”

About Nietzsche’s Superman，Foucault also agrees，bet365 code’s about “how can people think about what people don’t think about”。不思，bet365 code’s also not thinking，People disappear in deserted places，For example, people disappear in language，Disappear in words and text。Unrecognizable，Unrecognizable，Replaced by words - and Kant did not think so。

Foucault does not completely reject phenomenology，As an “ally” of modern philosophy，He drew what he needed from Husserl and Heidegger。We know that Heidegger said “Language is the home of existence，People live in this home”。Foucault almost wrote the same idea: "Man is forced from the beginning to place his words and thoughts within language，It seems that one's own words and thoughts at some point only stir up fragments on this network of countless possibilities？Compared to Kant’s problem，There is a quadruple transfer，Because what is involved is no longer the truth，But exists；No longer natural，But people；No longer a possibility of recognition，But a primitive and inexplicable possibility；bet365 code no longer the unfounded characteristics that philosophical theories show when facing science，But to reoccupy in a clear philosophical consciousness this entire groundless realm of experience in which man cannot recognize himself。”

　For Feisi、Puzzled，Foucault believes，Descartes is from the fallacy、Fantasy、Dream、Insanity, these elements cannot be thought of，Discover the possibility of thinking。The difference is，Descartes is trying to wash or bleach the illusion with clear ideas，Foucault insists that “non-thinking” is the source of thinking，“Not thinking” is already a part of thinking。Foucault wrote: "The modern cogito must be penetrated in an obvious form、Copy and reactivate the connection between thought and non-thought；If according to an irreducible、Judging by the insurmountable externality，Then bet365 code non-thinking is in thinking，Around Sisi，Under thinking，Not thinking，But bet365 code non-thinking is not unrelated to thinking。”

Cartesian reflection posits the clarity of continuity，Foucault does not agree with such repetition。He thinks the so-called duplication，Start again，There is a rupture or interruption: "The cogito will not be a sudden epiphanic discovery，Instead of asking again，In order to know how thinking dwells beyond bet365 code，But very close to itself，How can thinking be in a non-thinking form。”

The above reminds us that Foucault is close to Lacan: I am in a place where I do not think。Lacan specifically refers to the site of the unconscious in the context of "psychoanalysis"，Like a dream，They do not follow the usual rules of grammar and logic。Foucault uses another place、Display a daydream-like place，They are all man-made，But bet365 code does not follow the rules of grammar and logic，They are all special "statements" (énonciation called by Foucault in "The Archeology of Knowledge")，Also means description、Posted、Description)。Foucault wrote: "The keyboard of a typewriter is not a statement，But the letter A is listed in the typing manual、Z、E、R、The same series formed by T is a statement of the alphabetical order used by French typewriters。”They are empty、Functional，Instead of explanatory language。

The above comes from Foucault’s love of words？Disguised、Words in a broad sense，In fact, bet365 code a certain irregular arrangement of symbols，Like the letter A on a French typewriter、Z、E、R、T’s order，Not as arbitrary as Saussure’s linguistic symbols，Because once language symbols are agreed upon，You have to follow the inherent grammar and thinking norms，As a special "word" statement，Alphabetical order on French typewriter，Not equivalent to language。

Let me quote Foucault's passage in Volume 2 of "The History of Sexuality"，“Curiosity seems futile，However I like this word。bet365 code for me，implies something completely different，It evokes ‘attention’，That is, grasp the existing and possible existence；There is a certain sharp sense of reality，And bet365 code never static。Weird wishes，Get rid of the familiar way of thinking，View the same thing from different ways；I dream of a new era of curiosity”。

I am in a place where I don’t think。I am in a place where I am not，I am not present but I am present。I'm on the bookshelf in the library，In my book，dusty，Until a reader’s eyes occasionally encounter bet365 code，Open a page at will，I just "appeared" like a ghost，But as the reader closes the page in boredom，I will disappear immediately，Back to the past - I am not being lyrical，But "reasoning"。As for Foucault’s text，Causing me a lyrical sigh，Thinking that can only show that there is no thought，also thinking，No answers to the questions “Who am I?” “Where do I come from?” “Where am I going?”，Thinking too。Thinking or thinking，its borders，Being completely opened - this is the process from Kant's "unknowable" or "unrecognizable" to Foucault's "non-thinking" thinking。The sunlight turned into black light。

Kantian light of enlightenment，bet365 code the sunshine of modern times。Foucault’s “non-thinking” thinking，bet365 code the black light of modern enlightenment - white light is continuity。Black light of black，Because it reveals that so-called continuity is composed of interruptions or discontinuities，That is, restart、Start again。This is the gap、The edge of philosophy，It’s like we rarely notice，We blink when talking to people。The truth is we blink every few seconds。We just assume，When you open your eyes again，The same thing as what I just saw。But we ignore the opening and closing of our eyes，It’s like a camera flashing，Nothing short of life and death。This is a microscopic observation，Belongs to micro philosophy。After my "blinking" metaphor is completed，I just discovered that Foucault had a similar statement，This makes me very excited，His term is "veille sommeillante"。Most of the time during sleep，People don’t dream，Or only a very subtle hallucination impression，Can’t remember at all，Like a blink of an eye。Then，Fesi started to flicker，Like I didn’t realize I was thinking，Already thinking about it。

The most puzzling thing about Foucault，Because he said "people are dead"，Connected to the Nietzschean “Superman”，Foucault means "the last man"、Old man、“Man is the measure of all things”、The “reflective” or self-aware person、Ideological person、The high subjectivity of man—just like the footprints on the seashore，disappeared。Why?？Because people are where they are now，"Related to people，Not thinking is other (l’Autre)”，But this is different from the gaze of “the gaze of others” of Sartre and Levinas，Rather，“Other” is composed of some vague planes: “We usually refer to this vague plane，Explained as an unfathomable area of ​​human nature，Or it can be interpreted as a fortress that is often locked up in human history (human beings are reflected in it，But bet365 code impossible to unlock its secret - quotation)；This plane is related to people in another way entirely；bet365 code external to people，Indispensable to man again: a bit like a projection of man emerging in knowledge...in Hegelian phenomenology，bet365 code the freedom of facing oneself；For Schopenhauer，bet365 code an unconsciousness；For Marx，bet365 code an alienated person。”Modern people are not only closely related to these alienated others，Even living in relationship with others - these，As modern thought，Different from Kant，Because "to be honest，Modern thought has never been able to propose a morality: but not because bet365 code pure speculation；Completely opposite，Modern thought at its beginning and in its depth，bet365 code a certain way of behaving... since its earliest forms，Modern thought is an action—and a dangerous action。For those who want to ignore this，Sade、Nietzsche、Aalto and Bataille both knew this。But bet365 code certain，Hegel、Marx and Freud also knew this”。The reason why modern thought is linked to “non-thinking”，Because bet365 code an act that changes the world，Instead of a theory that explains the world。At this point，Foucault is not far away from Sartre，There are photos of the two of them during the Paris student "May storm" in 1968 as evidence。

If you say，Mentioned at the beginning of this article、In the Kantian “Anthropological Quadrangle”，There is also a deep imprint of speculative philosophy，Then Foucault makes people "lost" in the "folds" related to others，Just like Saussure's metaphor of language as a cross-section of a tree stump in "A Course in General Linguistics"。This cross-section image metaphor，Basically in line with the international Internet era we humans live in today: countless others are inexplicably connected，And the other here，Doesn’t just mean others in the narrow sense。The way people live in bet365 code，is a behavioral state，instead of theoretical state。

The network is a fuzzy platform or plane，There are unrelated ones、Unfathomable content。All our thoughts in bet365 code，They are all awakened immediately。The Internet is our alienated state，We want to throw bet365 code away，Don’t want to be enslaved by bet365 code，But I can’t stop，Because we always have to return to bet365 code。

The network itself is "non-thinking"，People are above, below, left and right of it，Can’t extricate myself。bet365 code also what Foucault said above is "an unfathomable area of ​​human nature"。The danger is，Perhaps humans will not be able to control the Internet in the future。It also made me think，The letter arrangement of the French typewriter mentioned by Foucault above does not conform to logic and grammar，The Internet has the same empty functionality，bet365 code the place where we daydream。

Above we have roughly described the two directions of enlightenment, classical and modern，What is the position of people in bet365 code？Perhaps bet365 code would be better to end with metaphorical words: people are the wounds。Or we can add a little melancholic beauty，bet365 code comes from the "mentally ill" poet Baudelaire，One of his poems reads:

"I bet365 code the wound and the blade;

He bet365 code torturer and the executioner. ”

　(The author is a distinguished professor at the School of bet365 code, Zhengzhou University)