Bio-Politics is the concept proposed by Foucault in the late 1970s。Now，This concept has become one of the classic paradigms of social critical theory since the 20th century。Foucault's criticism is explained by criticism of political economics，His discourse from political economics，reveals the dominance logic of today's capitalism。

Foucault’s life and political theory is not happened overnight，Instead, I have experienced several evolution。This concept appeared for the first time in October 1974。Foucault said in a speech entitled "The Birth of Social Medicine": "The body is the reality of life and politics，Medicine is a strategy of life and politics。"" But，At this time, life and politics is still a vague concept，It is still affiliated to Foucault's more magnificent training power themes that have been studied since 1972，The uniqueness of life and politics has not been revealed。At the same time，The proposal of life politics means that Foucault gradually realizes the new configuration of modern power with manipulation of life as its main object。

The first change occurred in the French Academy in 1976 in "Must be defended"。Teaching here，Foucault clearly proposed as a new "power mechanism、Technology and Technology "life and political concepts。It is from then on，Life politics appears with a new image different from rules。life and political concepts of this period，and the work published in the second year, "History of Sexual Experience", has become the basis for many life and political discussions today。Its core feature is: (1) The operating object of life and politics is the overall level of the population。Foucault emphasizes many biological characteristics of the population on the basis of statistical,，Like birth rate、mortality rate, etc.。He believes that such power objects only show political and economic consequences bet365 best casino games only at the group level，It is difficult to predict at the individual level。(2) The operating mechanism of life and politics is to regulate rather than monitor。This kind of power is indirectly rather than a direct way，Intervention of the overall balance，It does not try to eliminate all hidden dangers，Instead in the standardized sense，regards the fluctuations within a certain range as normal。Later，Foucault refers to this elastic governance method as a safe configuration。(3) Objective to this power，Foucault made a short and powerful instructions，means that life will not let people die。

Foucault has already touched the important features of today's capitalism。Starting from the 19th century，Fundamental changes in the rule of capitalism，It no longer manipulates life and death，Instead of encouraging people to encourage people to "live happily"。This looks like a progress，But Foucault pointed out that this is just a deep control of human life，The dominance of capitalism completes the top -down dominance from top -down，To the change of hidden dominance of daily life。We can consider this reality as alienation to deepen again，People can no longer discover their own sad state，But willingly embrace your pain。but but，Foucault's discussion does not think about the new governance rationality of capitalism targeting population，Instead, the power technology that constantly emphasizes the biological characteristics around the population，This makes him unable to further penetrate the historical and cultural background of this power model。So，Life politics still looks like the traditional main -object -type dominance model at this time，This is the discussion of the game with Foucault about power is the game.。I think，The concept of life and political concept at this time is when it touches the ruler logic of capitalist reality，It also allows Foucault's theory to return to the traditional power interpretation。

For the above problems，Foucault taught in France from 1977 to 1978 "Safety、Territory and Population "made a second change of life and political bet365 Play online games concepts。Foucault began to face the characteristics of the population as a political structure，and get closer to Marx more and more unconsciously。Although Foucault has always emphasized the impact of Marx on his thoughts，But the analysis methods and concepts that he learned from Marx from Marx became more and more prominent。Foucault introduced a tiny but key change at this stage，The characteristics of population possessions are called natural rather than biological。Natural nature is not a simple rewriting of biology，Instead of "Second Nature" created by social production。Lucari has launched the Western Marxism for the firstity of Western Marxism in the "History and Class Awareness"，He believes that due to the universality of capitalist materialization，The world created by the labor creation of people is in the general intermediary of the product form，Become a opposite、Independent object，With the regularity of seemingly scientific。That is to say，Social existence determined by human social life，In turn becomes the natural law independent of its creator and dominate the person。The concept of population is the same。

We can examine this concept from a simple political perspective。The reason why "population" can become an important governance principle of political science，It is inseparable from the development of liberalism in the 18th and 19th centuries and its extension of individual rights。Since the release of the Manifesto of Human Rights in 1789，Everyone has a "life and equal" seeds in their hearts，This makes the fundamental principle of "all individuals is the same and independent distribution".。Only the equality between people is historically established，Statistics based on large number theorem is possible。We can boldly infer，In Western feudal society，The feudal owner and serf could not even appear in the same statistical table。Although the statistical academic difference is equal to the quality differences of people，But it can not be considered that the population in the statistical pen is completely objective bet365 best casino games and neutral，Because of the statistics of the "average person" biological characteristics, it still needs to be confirmed in the sense of "moral people"。Pure mathematical data data is converted into value judgment，What is normal，What is deviation，behind it is a choice of social value in a specific period。So，Foucco's statistical depiction of population in the stage of "Must be defended" and "History of Sexual Experience"，You need to go back to a deeper context，Statistics is just the "application technology" of this context。This context is "Security、Territory and Population Analysis of Political Economics。

Starting from the course in 1978，Foucault gradually replaced the concept of life with "governance"。We should consider it as a theoretical deepening rather than broken。Governance emphasizes the governance rationality behind life power，This rationality is an economic rationality。Foucault's contemporary capitalist criticism has taken the same starting point as Marx，Criticism of political economics。but，Different from Marx is，Foucault emphasizes the political dimension。Marx revealed the economic process of capital exploitation of capital exploitation in capitalist production，Foucault tries to reveal the full position of life in life in life politics。In the era of Marx，To increase the remaining value，Capitalists continue to extend their working hours，Foucco pointed out，Can't distinguish between working hours and non -working hours，Labor is no longer the only source of the surplus value，Knowledge of Life itself、Emotional and communication proliferation has become the source of surplus value。In life politics，Governance rationality is established through political economics。

Western political economics builds the naturalness of wealth and population in society as a kind of knowledge，It regards the market as a venue of conant。This is also criticized by Marx，Western political economists will exchange eternalization，Replace history with truth，Market "Should tell real things ... It is the role of the market's convergence Bet365 lotto review in the indirect way，Command、Disviation and regulation of the lack of ruling mechanism or ruling，The market must be connected with these mechanisms "。The truth of the market is the basic principle that capitalist governance must follow，This is the real basis of the entire bourgeois social governance。The statistical characteristics of the population are hidden behind this true reason，How many population、Migration and crime rates should be measured around the value of the market。

According to this goal，The governance method of life and politics is a "restrained governance"。The principle of the governance of the law is the more detailed the better，The slogan of life politics is less the better。In the eyes of advocates in today's free market，The market mechanism is so spontaneous，So that people want to change them，It can only damage them and change its nature。There is a well -known statement in capitalist political theory，The country should be the "nightman" of the market。This means that the government should keep cautiously in intervention in economic activities，Only the science of the market appears in it、Law、Social background of the population。but，The control of the restraint advocated by life politics does not really respect the freedom of human comprehensive development，and only allow market freedom in specific ideology、Consumption freedom and political freedom。So，The governance of life politics also configures more intervention methods when creating freedom。This is a place where Foucault is very insight。He identified the boundary of life and politics under liberalism。Government's intervention and freedom are not conflicting，The intervention of the governor is to designate a framework for the power configuration of freedom to produce freedom。On the one hand, it ensures that specific freedom can be continuously produced，As the liberals often say，Free has its own system foundation。Life politics has designed a set of mechanisms to restrict the cost of manufacturing，To prevent freedom from 僭 僭。This transforms ideological Bet365 app download issues that is usually considered into a specific governance practice、Analysis of rules and regulations and organizational methods。Fake Ke's power analysis tells us，The freedom of the bourgeois democratic society is exactly where its power configuration is。Rousseau said，Foucault thinks，But there is no go in the shackles。Foucault thinks，We are in the omnipresent shackles，It is precisely because we are free。

Foucault pointed out，Western politics and economics has shaped the unique subjectivity of capitalism -economic man，This focus on the research of life and politics from the control of the population to the normative production of life itself。Economy people shaped their own actions in economic rationality，An intermediary that becomes contact with personal contact。The governance of life politics not only acts on labor, but also directly acts on the life of workers。This means that everyone must treat themselves as an enterprise，He invested in himself and seek to maximize interests。On this new economy -corporate people，Consumer、Producer、Investors and investors become unspered，People themselves become a kind of capital，。Enterprise of people and society has realized the highest ideal of Western political economists，Economic Principles becomes the only source of living rationality for capitalism。

Contemporary Life and Politics through the principles of governance of political economics，The maximum governance effect was achieved in a seemingly loose way。From the perspective of Foucault，Neo -liberalism under today's capitalism is the latest historical form of this governance practice。If it is said in Marx's era，Labor and capital contradictions are very sharp in bright faces，So in today's，Various political arrangements of Liberal Life and Politics，then cleverly covered the basic contradictions in hiring labor。It not only allows goods to participate in free competition，It also makes people live a production machine，Get the greatest interest in the market。Foucault criticized the political economics of life and bet365 live casino games politics，revealing the essence of political rationality in the new dominance of a contemporary capitalist society。but but，There is a gap between the criticism of Political Economics and Marxist political economics。Forecault's power analysis eliminates the basic distinction between economic foundation and upper -level buildings，His method of continuing his teacher Alduce，The economy、Politics、Dialogue and other factors combined with a structural dialectics，This although this is a good explanation of the overall historical changes of capitalism，But at the same time，But the disconnection caused by critical and liberation，discourse analysis、Power practice or political rational criticism cannot replace detailed analysis of productivity and production relations，The structural causality of the upper -level building cannot cover the decisive role of the economic foundation。

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