Current，China has entered an industrial society from an agricultural society，And gradually move into the information society and intelligent society。In the process of these Bet365 app download changes，Many new situations and problems have emerged。For example，How is China’s overall economic development currently、What are the characteristics of Bet365 app download structure、What are the characteristics of people’s ideological and value orientation，etc.，These issues require us to conduct in-depth investigation and research。Therefore，How to conduct investigation and research has become an important issue。The author intends to start from the discipline of sociology，Brief introduction to the methodology and empirical practices followed by sociologists when conducting surveys。

Looking back at the history of Chinese sociology we can see，Starting from the first generation of sociologists such as Tao Menghe，Attach great importance to Bet365 app download investigation。After Tao Menghe returned from studying in the UK，The Bet365 app download Research Institute was established in Beijing。In terms of the methodology of Bet365 app download survey，At the beginning of Chinese sociology, there was a "debate" about "how to study Chinese society"，There are two schools of thought: "Bet365 app download survey" and "sociological survey" (or "community research")。The former is represented by Li Jinghan’s Dingxian survey，The latter is mainly reflected in the "community research" promoted by Wu Wenzao and Fei Xiaotong。

According to Li Jinghan’s definition，"Bet365 app download survey" is "with a systematic scientific method，Investigate the actual situation of society，Use statistical methods，Organize the collected materials (including tabulation and drawing，Get the percentage、average, etc.)，Analyze the elements that constitute Bet365 app download phenomena”。He further distinguished between two types of Bet365 app download surveys，One category is "Bet365 app download investigation purely for the purpose of obtaining knowledge"，The other category is “Bet365 app download surveys of an applied nature for Bet365 app download improvement”。He advocates the latter。In his opinion，The function of Bet365 app download investigation is to use scientific methods to investigate and study various Bet365 app download facts，Then discuss ways to transform society based on facts，Solving Bet365 app download problems。

In terms of investigation unit，Bet365 app download survey gives priority to surveying one county，Investigating part of the county if conditions do not permit，For example, a township or several villages。Investigation can be carried out after confirmation，Mainly including selected points、Survey Design、Contact local authorities、Formal investigation、Steps to organize data and write reports。Bet365 app download surveys should be conducted within a larger geographical area and follow a stricter set of procedures，And the collection of data is mainly completed through statistical methods。While investigating，Li Jinghan strives to comprehensively present the comprehensive situation of local society。For example，His investigation in Ding County involves the geography of the county、History、County government and other local groups、Population、Education、Health and Hygiene、Farmers’ living expenses、Customs、Faith、Taxation、Agriculture、Business and Industry、Rural lending、Disasters, famines, etc.。In his own words，He just wants to "investigate all Bet365 app download conditions in the county，Discover various problems in rural areas”。Even if the investigation unit is reduced，He has not given up his pursuit of "perfection"。For example，When he was investigating the living conditions of rural families in the suburbs of Beijing，In addition to investigating the various expenditures and income of the interviewed families to understand their economic situation，Also investigate their race、Marriage、Residence、Health、Education and cultural level, etc.。

It is different from the "Bet365 app download survey" method such as the Dingxian survey, which extensively collects statistics on all aspects of society，The Yenching School developed “sociological investigation”，The typical representative is Fei Xiaotong’s "Jiangcun Economy"。Sociological survey is also called "community research"。The boundaries of a community are not fixed，One village, one town、One city, one province，Even a country can become a "community"。The investigation was guided by functional theory。Before the investigation begins，Assume that the selected community is an organic whole from a functional perspective，Each part is interconnected and assumes specific functions。Accordingly，The first step in community research is to describe in detail the Bet365 app download structure of a community in a certain time and space。The second step is comparative research，Comparing the Bet365 app download structure of different communities，Summary of corresponding patterns，To gain an understanding of society as a whole。Community research also attempts to understand the overall situation of a place，But there is a different understanding of what "comprehensive" means from the "Bet365 app download survey" school。According to Wu Wenzao’s definition，A complete "community" includes at least the following three elements: "(1) People；(2) The area where the people live；(3) People’s way of life or culture。”This definition summarizes the most basic investigation content of community research。Among them，“Culture” is the core of community research，The material culture of a community、Symbolic culture (or language)、Bet365 app download organization、Spiritual culture, etc. need to be mastered by researchers。At the same time，Community research pays special attention to capturing the connections between various parts of the community。In addition，A community study should also involve three dimensions，That is, the cross-section of the community (that is, the status of the community within a specified period)、Community’s connection with other external communities，And the changes in the community。

The sociological investigation school affirmed the advantages of Li Jinghan’s “Bet365 app download investigation” in describing Bet365 app download realities，Think that it has made use of local chronicle data，Record folk customs and etiquette、Customs and other intangible cultural contents，Pay attention to field investigation，It makes up for the shortcomings of local affairs being kept behind closed doors。But，They also pointed out the disadvantages of this kind of Bet365 app download survey，That is, just a description of the static cross-section，Failure to reveal the dynamic mechanism behind Bet365 app download facts。True sociological research “must not only describe facts”，Record the facts，Also explain the meaning of the facts，Explain why the facts happened”，“Community Research” can do this。Therefore，To truly understand the entirety of Chinese society and culture，Need to use sociological survey methods for community research。The sociological survey school also believes that，In the past, many Bet365 app download surveys were limited to one or certain aspects，No explanation of the meaning behind the boring numbers。To correct these shortcomings，Community research required，To integrate、Analysis from a systematic perspective。

"Bet365 app download investigation" is good at grasping the facts in various aspects of society，“Community Studies” is good at understanding the connection and significance of Bet365 app download facts，Both have their own strengths。It seems now，The dispute between these two schools is essentially the dispute between quantitative research and qualitative research that has long existed within the Bet365 app download (scientific) academic community。Although quantitative research can generally grasp the quantitative situation of things，But it is often superficial，Especially the understanding of the relationship between things or variables is too simplistic。In comparison，Although qualitative research can avoid the disadvantages of the former through specific and micro analysis，But we also face the problem that qualitative judgments based on a few cases are difficult to generalize to the whole。No matter what，The two schools of Bet365 app download investigation and sociological investigation adhere to the old tradition of Chinese intellectuals，It’s also a good tradition，Just apply it to the world。From the perspective of actual use，It is best to combine quantitative and qualitative methods。Before designing a research plan，Quantitative research actually needs to be preceded by micro-specific qualitative research，During the research process, you can also select specific cases to conduct qualitative exploration of the operating mechanism。Qualitative analysis can also use quantitative methods to characterize characteristics and test and promote the propositions discovered。Use both methods together，Complement each other，Must make up for each other’s shortcomings。

To solve new problems arising in the new era，Must conduct in-depth investigation and study of current Bet365 app download reality，To achieve effective Bet365 app download governance，Promote Chinese-style modernization，Towards the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation。In addition to focusing on quantitative、Qualitative close integration，Bet365 app download surveys in the smart era must also keep pace with the times，To better cope with new challenges。For example，Big data、Platform economy based on cloud computing and artificial intelligence, etc.，It is no longer something that traditional methods can completely handle。So，We must grasp the characteristics and situations of intelligent society，You must “make full use of the Internet、Carry out investigation and research on modern information technologies such as big data，Improve scientificity and effectiveness”。Use these technologies to empower traditional survey research。Of course，The most important thing is that as an expert and decision-maker, you must be down-to-earth。Investigation cannot be done “at a glance”，Even "getting off your horse and watching the flowers" is not enough，Probably need to “get off your horse and plant flowers”，That is, not only to taste the taste of pears，We also need to study the pear tree，Even the entire orchard。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of Bet365 app download)