Famous schools Hui Shi、Gongsun Long is the main representative。Hui Shi，Song people，He has been in Wei State for a long time，Return to Song State in his later years and pay with Zhuangzi，Its year of birth and death cannot be tested，But "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" cloud "Hui Shi multi -party，Its Book Five Cars "，Therefore, it is not difficult for us to see Hui Shi's Hongfu，But its works have long been left。"Hanshu · Yi Wenzhi" records "Huizi" an article，Yi Yan。Yixi has no work to hand in hand，We can only today based on the residual records in Zhuangzi · the World，and scattered in "Xunzi", "Han Feizi", "Lu's Spring and Autumn" and other ancient literary materials, Hui Shi Yan and Display Film Break，Sort the theory of Huishi，This study fundamentally limited the study of later scholars on Huishi doctrine。Gongsun Long，Zhao Ren，There are also said that Wei people，Its year of birth and death cannot be tested，But "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" clearly refers to Gongsunlong and others as "arguments"，Then Gongsun Long should become a well -known defense at that time before the "World" was completed。"The World" means that such arguments are "Xiang and Le" with Hui Shi，and Hui Shi "Watch in the world and know the debate"，It can be known that Hui Shirang is the leader of such arguments，Then Gongsun Long should be less than Hui Shi。And "Lu's Spring and Autumn · Protecting" and "Historical Records · Plain Jun Yu Qing Biography" and other ancient literature materials are contained in holes and wearing、Zou Yan and Gongsun Long argued on Zhao Pingyuan's deeds，then Gongsun Long should seem to be with the plain king、Kong Pai and Zou Yan and others at the same time。Gongsun Long's main idea is stored in the book "Gongsun Longzi"，"Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi" included "Gongsun Longzi" fourteen articles，Today "Gongsun Longzi" has only six articles，Among them, "Trace Mansion" is a description of Gongsunlong's words and deeds in the descendants，The other five articles can basically be sure to be made by Gongsun Long himself。On the work of a famous family，Gongsun Long's status is really more important than Hui Shi，Research on the philosophy of the famous master in the academic community at home and Bet365 lotto review abroad，Actually with "Gongsun Longzi" as the main text basis。

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There is no "famous master" in the sense of ideology in the pre -Qin literature，"Famous" or "Famous Master" is called，Beginning in the Western Han Dynasty。"Historical Records · Taishi Gong" quoted Sima about "the purpose of the six families": "Fu Yin and Yang、Confucian、Ink、Name、method、moral，This service is also，The difference between the differences from words，It saves ears and does not save ears ... Famous artists make people frugal and distorted，But its name is authentic，You must not inspect ...，Makes people unswerving，Determine on the name，Lost love，Therefore, ‘Makes people check and distort it。’Ruofu is responsible for its name，Participate without losing，This must be inspected。"This quotation is undoubtedly the earliest record of" famous "or" famous "in ancient Chinese literature。Not only that，Sima Tan also clearly listed the "six families" of the pre -Qin era that "names", "yin and yang", "Confucianism", "ink", "law", and "morality" one。Written "Han Shu · Yi Wen Zhi"，Still regarding "famous artists" as one of the "nine streams"，"Famous Family Flow，Cover out of the ritual officer。Different names of the ancients，Gifts are also different。Confucius said: ‘must also be named! If the name is wrong, the words are not smooth，If you do n’t go smoothly, you ca n’t do it。。and those who are 譥，The hook is just chaos "。"Famous Family" School，It is known as the "Defendant" in the pre -Qin literature，For example, "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" refers to "Shi Shi as a big view in the world，Know the argument。The debaters of the world are all happy ...、Gongsun Long，Apostle of the argument，The heart of the decoration，Meaning of Yiren，The mouth of the winner，Can't convince the heart of people ";，Not ritual，Treating the strange saying，Play Qi Ci，Very detectable but not beneficial，debate and useless，Multi -things and merit，Can't be the rule of the Outline; however, it has a reason，It is reasonable for its words，Enough to deceive the fool: Yes Hui Shi、Deng Analysis also "。I know，According to the view of Xunzi or Xunzi，At least 恵、Deng analyzed、Tuan Tuan、Gongsun Long should be the same "defense"。

Needless doubt，Based on the above -mentioned important representative literary materials of Bet365 app download the pre -Qin and Han dynasties, the simplicity of the "famous artist" or "defense" title，We can get at least the following conclusions at least。One，Famous artists are one of the ideological schools that exist objectively in the pre -Qin era and have produced important influence，The so -called "famous masters" of the Han Dynasty generally refer to the "defense" of the pre -Qin Dynasty; the second，Famous masters are not only criticized by the Han historians (such as Sima Tan the so -called "harsh inspection" and the so -called "hook analysis of arts")，and Confucianism by its contemporary or late era、Dao and other important ideological school representative figures criticized (such as "Zhuangzi · World" so -called "the mouth of the winner，Can't convince the heart of people "and" Xunzi · Fei Twelve Son "so -called" good governance said，Play Qi Ci ");，Although Confucianism in the pre -Qin era、The representative figures of important ideological schools such as Dao and the Han historians have serious misunderstandings and misunderstandings about "famous masters"，But none of them completely denied the legitimacy of the existence of famous masters，For example, "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" refers to Hui Shi "weaker than virtue，Stronger than things ... scattered in all things without getting tired of，The name is the name of the good debate "，Sima Tan is also known as the famous master "control the name of the name，Participate without losing，This must be inspected "，This is exactly the true portrayal of the famous master's "name" in the pre -Qin Dynasty.。The question is why the misunderstanding of "famous masters" in Chinese traditional culture happened? The reason is that Chinese traditional culture pays more attention to moral and political topics，Not enough attention to "knowledge theory"、Not great interest，Therefore, those slightly "sophistry" tendencies that can not look at famous masters from the perspective of "knowledge theory" can actually actually have the achievements of the creation of the "knowledge theory" in ancient China。

　　The philosophical contribution of famous artists

We know，The Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods are both ritual and lack of ritual、The era of severe changes in social order，At the same time, it is also a hundred family contention、Academic thoughts presenting unprecedented prosperity。The most noticeable social bet365 live casino games thought tide in the pre -Qin era is the "famous tide"，The pre -Qin sons started the core theme of "Famous Relationship" and launched a very philosophical "contention"。In a sense，We can even say，Just follow the historical clue of the philosophical problem of the pre -Qin Dynasty's "Famous Debate"，You can construct the general development of the philosophy of the pre -Qin sons。The famous artist is one of the most active ideological schools in the pre -Qin Dynasty's "Famous Debate"，In the theoretical discussion of the core theme of "Famous Relationship", it has made irreplaceable outstanding contributions。Famous artists are biased to metaphysics and logic，Open and promote the discussion on the issue of "knowledge theory" in ancient China。No matter what，This is a strong stroke in the history of the pre -Qin thought。

Research on the philosophy of famous artists，Researchers with different cultures or theoretical backgrounds can of course make various interpretations from their respective perspectives，However, these interpretations of the philosophy of famous artists，Are they all in accordance with the spirit of the philosophy of the famous master (that is, the essential characteristics or the fundamental purpose)? We believe that，To answer this question，It must be a theoretical inspection of "Famous Philosophy" itself in advance，Fang can form basic positioning about the philosophy of famous artists。One，The basic attitude of famous artists on "World"。Chinese traditional culture is usually considered to be "Confucianism", "Tao" and "Display".，This actually refers to "Chinese philosophy" experiencing "Sui and Tang Buddhism"，Especially the theoretical pattern after the "Song and Ming New Confucian Movement" was created。If it is the original stage of "pre -Qin philosophy" as the original stage of "Chinese philosophy"，Then "pre -Qin master" (knowledge theory)、"Pre -Qin Confucianism" (moral philosophy) and "pre -Qin Taoist" (aesthetics) together constitute the basic theoretical framework of "pre -Qin philosophy"。Generally speaking，If Confucianism created by Confucius focuses on "turning into" world，The "Taoist" created by Lao Tzu focuses on the "viewing" world，So Hui Shi、Gongsun Long is a master representative of the characters, while the main representatives focus on the "cognitive" world。Its two，Preset of the famous artist on bet365 best casino games the realm of "self"。The focus of Confucian emphasis emphasizes "MORAL SELF"、Taoist focuses on emphasizing "Aesthetic Self" different，The "self" realm preset by famous artists is "COGNITIVE SELF"，Therefore, its fundamental theoretical purpose in philosophy is neither "moral"，Nor "Aesthetic"，but "Knowledge"，This is the person who understands and grasp the first needs of the philosophy of famous artists。Its three，The "topic" object of the famous master。The Confucian School is returning to rebuild "Zhou Wen"，Therefore, the topic of its first moral philosophy。Different from the Confucian party "Zhou Wen" holds a positive constructing position，Taoist Party "Zhou Wen" holds a negative deconstruction position，Proposal attributed to "Nature" in its "anti" way (that is, "not contributed")，Therefore, the topic that its first concern is aesthetics。According to the existing "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" Hui Shi's "Calendar Top" and "Gongsun Longzi" can be known，Famous masters use the problem of "cognition" as the same return，Therefore, the first "knowledge" question of its subject。

The goal of the famous master around the construction of "knowledge theory"，In language ("name", "Concept"，is the smallest unit in "language")、Logic (association between "name" and "name") and metaphysics ("independent real estate" after the "name" from "real") have important theoretical buildings。If the book "Gongsun Longzi" is the main text basis，We seem to be able to say that the philosophy of famous artists is mainly guided by "knowledge theory" (such as "Fingers Theory")，The relationship between "name" and "real" (such as "Famous Realism")、The relationship between "name" and "name" (such as "Tongchang") and the absolute independence of "name" itself (such。As far as the construction of the philosophical and ideological system of "Gongsun Longzi"，The most important article of its "Fingers Theory"，The important thing is "White Horse Theory" and "Jianbai Theory"，"Famous Reality" is the most important article。

Especially need to point out，​​Gongsun Long's cognitive relationship with "finger" and "things" in "Finger Turomes"，Confirmation of the independence of "Finger" and the differences between the differences of "finger" and "name"，All reflect the achievements made by Gongsun Long in order to explore a "knowledge Bet365 app download theory" in logic and metaphysical thinking。But，Gongsun Long did not really explain the theoretical issues such as the cognitive relationship of "'finger' and 'things'" in the theory of "'finger' and 'things'"。If the perspective of "knowledge theory" in Kant's "Pure Critical Criticism" is measured，The discussion of Gongsunlong's "Fingers Theory" on "knowledge theory" is still the initial stage，Therefore, its achievements in theoretical thinking are far from the depth of Kant's "Pure Rough Criticism"; Chinese traditional culture has always not focused on the discussion of "knowledge theory"，We re -interpret the thought text of the pre -Qin master today，It is excavating the "Chongzhi" factor in Chinese traditional culture，and hope to re -evoke the serious concern of the theoretical problems such as "knowledge" in such a major social change era。

　　Must reinterpret the famous artist

We know，Chinese scholars for more than 2,000 years，囿 囿 囿 囿 囿，Often contribute to the unique theory of famous masters in the history of Chinese thought lacks an objective understanding and fair evaluation。According to our preliminary research，The reason why famous artists will "landscape" in the history of Chinese thought，It is basically a lack of "knowledge theory" in Chinese traditional culture。It is this lack that caused more than 2,000 years to have serious deficiencies in understanding of famous masters。Not only that，Qin and Han downs，With the formation of political unification，The "Confucianism and Taoism" architecture of traditional Chinese culture is also completed，Due to the discussion of famous artists, it is not targeted at "Zhou Wen's tiredness"，It should belong to the school of the pre -Qin Dynasty "Famous Debate" faction school，Therefore, it and Chinese mainstream ideological school (Confucian、Tao) There is a huge spiritual gap between the gap between the gap and the ideological barrier; coupled with the theoretical theoretical of the discussion of the famous artists，Often lack of clear realistic pertinence and practicality，or even a tendency to "sophistry"，Also cited people and later history historians who misunderstand their original intentions。Many factors above the superimposed so that the famous masters are "famous for a while" in the special atmosphere of the pre -Qin Dynasty.，However。

From the long years from Qin and Han to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Masterpiece Bet365 lotto review doctrine except or some sporadic lovers，Almost no one asked，Later generations even believed that "there was no 'famous artist' in ancient times'"。Even in the past 100 years since the modern "Western School East"，Research on famous artists has received some extent and revival，But because famous masters are not the mainstream of Chinese traditional culture，Compared with popular disciplines such as Confucian or Taoism，It is undoubtedly still unpopular、partial door and niche discipline，always belongs to the weak link of the research field of Chinese thought history。All these "unfavorable factors" above actually seriously obscure the academic significance of famous artists' research。Needless doubt，Concentrate on the literature of the pre -Qin master and systematically study its thoughts，It has an important theoretical significance that we construct "pre -Qin philosophy" or even a "knowledge theory" about "Chinese philosophy"。This work really supplements its own theory and has the creative labor that fills the blank value。

　(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)