When Aristotle claims "people are political animals" more than 2,000 years ago，Maybe we are still expected to be related to politics today。The importance of political life in modern society continues to increase，How to recognize and explain political phenomena has become an indispensable part of modern higher education reserves。

Today's political science has developed to a new stage，The objects of political studies are extremely rich，The research scope of politics is not limited to politics、Political Party、Government，Instead, it expands to society、Psychological、Political identity and other aspects of human society life; research methods for political science are more diverse，From the initial text research to empirical research、Statistics research to the latest scientific research methods today; research on contemporary political science is becoming more and more global，Scholars are no longer just a single country、Regional research，Instead of paying attention to cross -culture、Political research and comparative research across regions。The rapid development of political school Day provides us with new tools for us to know the world and explain the world。

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Traditional politics often from political parties、Country、Government and other basic concepts start，In "Ten Lectures of Contemporary Political Science"，The author is starting from Bet365 app download the development of life -related development。Because，The problem of development is the starting point of contemporary political science，It is also the first question from the social scientist in the modern sense to the world。Start with the development problem，Basically covers the basic concepts in contemporary political science。Extend the country's development mode from the development of development，The core question of development -modernization or westernization，State's development of development or restrictions，The impact of the country and the market on development，How the people express their own interests, etc.。

In the theory of development，"Modernization" and "Modernity" are the key concepts to explain the gap between the rich and the poor between different countries。Modern Chemistry School's transformation through analysis and summary of European and American countries to modern society，It is believed that Westernization is a solid development template，It is the only way for human society to realize modernization。Daniel Lenar defines "modernity" from social psychology。Whether it is "modernization" or "modernity"，Classic modern chemicals all ignore the cultural differences and cultural conflicts of different countries、2637_2658。Classic modern critics, although realized that historical opportunities and inequality world systems have hindered developing countries to realize modernization，but did not jump out of the western development path。and Asian "Four Little Dragons"、Japan and other development experience put forward two new thinking Bet365 app download dimensions to political science: national scale and national ability。According to the different roles played by the government in economic development，can be divided into "market -driven" and "national leading" development concepts。Development and modernization as an important issue for human socialization，There is no model that is allowed to go all over the world，You need to find your own national conditions、The development model and road of coordinated historical and cultural conditions。

　Democratic politics

The development of modern politics has greatly enriched the concept of democracy。"Democracy" and "Democratization" are the two core issues of contemporary politics。Although democracy as a concept and practice comes from ancient Greece，But the modern democratic thought and democratic system comes from the three revolutionary movements that have emerged in the 17th century: the "view of rights" established by the British bourgeois revolution、The "equal" view established by the French Revolution and the "independent" view established by the American Revolution。But what exactly is democracy? Charles Tili summarized the Constitution、The substantive power、Four ways of judgment and process -oriented for procedures。Robert Dal defined democracy with "process -oriented" characteristics，The ideal democracy considers the ideal is a "diverse government"，It is characterized by ensuring that people form their own preferences and opinions for things，Guarantee people's expression of their preferences and the influence of the choice and views of each social member on the policy are the same。The government Bet365 lotto review in reality can only be close to the "diverse government"，It is impossible to fully reach this mode。

In the process of realizing and developing democratic politics，What factors have a decisive role，Different explanation paths have been formed。The first is cultural interpretation，Do you think a country embarks on the road of democracy，Depending on the country's political culture; the second is the explanation of modern chemical school，It is believed that democratic politics is closely linked with industrialization; the third explanation attaches importance to the important role of revolutionary violence in democratic development。The first three explanations in common are，It is believed that democratic transformation is a structural condition that cannot be changed in the short term。The fourth explanation is "theory of only will"，Values ​​of the political leadership、Strategy、Ability and other human behavior have an important impact on democratic politics。The first three interpretations and the fourth explanation path reflect the fundamental conflict between the structural theory and the only theory。The conflict between the two brings the gradual rise of institutionalism and new institutionalism in political science。

Institutionalist path hopes to combine structural theory and long theory of the only theory，Make up for the shortness of the two，Go out a "intermediate road"。On the one hand，Use institutionalist perspective to study political process and explain political phenomena，It can automatically include the role of human subjective initiative -because any political system is designed by bet365 best casino games humans、Operation、improvement and innovation。On the other hand，People in the political system，Whether it is leader or the public，But can only be designed under the limit of various objective structural factors、Operation、Improve and innovate the political system。The political system can be divided into two categories: abstract system and real system。Abstract system refers to the political rules and rules systems; the real system builds，is those based on the principle of abstraction，Political entities running based on rules or rules。The system and its buildings mainly affect the political process and political results through 5 aspects: institutional and institutional buildings can determine the qualifications and scope of the political process participants，Can determine the winner and loser of the political competition，It can affect or even determine politics、Distribution of economic and social resources，Politicians from different political systems can form their corresponding political motivation and political strategy，It can also help shape people’s political identity and political identity。

　Politics that recognition

Political identity theory as an important part of political and social theory，It was only gradually entered the perspective of political science research in the late 20th century。Political identity can be divided into three levels: the first level is "Who am I"，is the definition of individuals' political identity; the second level is the sense of belonging，or the individual's sense of belonging to social collectives or communities; the third level is how I contact other people Bet365 app download and what kind of contact。Identity politics has been valued at late，It is because of its important role in political events and political processes。First，It is essential to build the country; second，Identification may also become a hotbed of racial violence; again，uneven distribution of economic resources can also cause the differences and conflicts between different identity groups in a country。

race and multicultural problems are a very important issue in identity politics，It is also an important challenge that modern countries need to deal with and respond。In the context of multiple culture，Governments of various countries mainly adopt two different identity political policies: the "big melting furnace" policy -through the assimilation process, the multicultural group of society is integrated into a mainstream identity of the country and the "salad bowl" integrated. Policies -integrate various ethnic groups in the way similar to salads，That is interconnected and fusion，But retain their unique cultural and value system。No matter what policy，One thing is common，That is, modern multicultural countries must be tolerant and inclusive，Only to achieve social harmony and peace。

After the 20th Century Political Science and Political Philosophy,，Political Science as an empirical science，What to solve is the question of "what" and "why"，That is the "real problem" of political science。Development of politics、Democratic politics、Political system and political identity outline the basic contour of contemporary political science，Also the common process of understanding the development of human society，Looking forward bet365 live casino games to the development prospects of human politics provides a reference perspective。

(Author Unit: International Issues Publishing Center of China Social Science Press)