Contemporary politicians rarely use "academic school" as the distinction sign of academic camps，But in the history of political science，The Chicago Political Department led by Charles E. Merriam and the "Chicago School" is indeed an important transformation stage，worthy of attention。

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In the second half of the 19th century，Empirical Spirit Gradually dominate Nature Science，The discipline divided by the previous agreed discipline obtained a rigorous scientific methodology blessing，Further strengthening people regarding "disciplines" as a natural knowledge organization unit。In various social sciences，"Made in the United States" is undoubtedly the latest formed。Politics as an independent discipline，In fact, the invention of US higher education in the "Gold Plating Age"，To a certain extent, the social improvement requirements that appeared with the "progressive movement" of the United States at that time。but but，American politics is in the early stage of formation，and Law、History not only overlap in content and personnel，Nothing in research methods。For example，Among the top 20 chairmen of the American Political Science Association，No shortage of famous historians like James Bryce，There are also many jurists like A. Lawrence Lowell。Normal political theory、Compare the government and the Federation of the United States、Description Bet365 lotto review Studies in the political life of the state and urban and urban are，roughly constitutes the main content of research and teaching in the start -up era of American political science。

In the English context，"Polictical Science" appeared in the writings of Adam Ferguson in 1792。At the end of the 19th century，New students in the field of higher education in the United States are just "political science" "but to overcome the" political activity by the suffix -ICS suffixes、Political Affairs "is embarrassing to occupy，I have to borrow the label of science。Freshman Political Science，Not to mention the so -called "science" ambition，and more like an American intellectual elite that holds a liberalist stand in Huiger, adhering to the academic circle created by social progress。These people admire the German Empire, which was flourishing at that time at that time.，National Studies for Germany、Public House Studies and History Economics School are curious，For the United States from the "Reconstruction period" to the "Gold -plated Age" because of large -scale urbanization、Equity Group Gaive、Many public problems emerging from the party to control the metropolis of the political party and the "political machine" to control the metropolis.。

　　"Scientific" of American politics

Real Disciplinary Change opportunity，In the 1920s and 1930s。Under the leadership of Miriam，The Department of Political Department of the University of Chicago, which was established until 1892, used the financial support of the Rockefeller family，Political theoretical research of the old -fashioned school in Eastern Eastern bet365 best casino games in Eastern，Survey of statistics、New research methods such as psychological analysis have introduced research on real politics in the United States，"Americanization" from the theme of political science from the theme of research to the way of thinking，Open the precedent of "scientificization" of political science，Open the curtain of "Behavioral Revolution"。It can be said，From Miriam、Gosner、After the rise of the Chicago school represented by Master Laswell and others，Politics as a social science only appears in the first prototype。

After Dr. Meriam graduated in 1900，Come to the Department of Political Department of the University of Chicago。But 20 years at the beginning，He is obviously more enthusiastic in the municipal business of Chicago。1919，Meriam is fatal in the political circles of Chicago，From then on, I am determined to turn their ambitions completely to academic career。1921，Meriam published the article "The Status of Political Research"，It can be regarded as the beginning of his academic research，It is also the starting point of the "direction" role of the University of Chicago's Political Department。In the text, he clearly expressed his dissatisfaction with the observation and analysis methods at the time，Call for strengthening scientific research on politics。More importantly，He made it clear: Science is defined by "method"，The purpose is "Control"，Science needs to promote research through the professionalization structure organized by tissue，This can make it maintain。

Meriam has actual political experience，Human connections are wide。He borrowed the experience of his brother's operation of the National Bet365 lotto review Research Committee，Establish a group of Social Science Research Council (SSRC)，Beardsley Ruml，Doctor of Psychology at the University of Chicago) close cooperation。With the huge funding of the Rockefeller Fund，The Sociology and Political Science of the University of Chicago was developed rapidly in the 1920s，The influence expands sharply。Meriam has also tried to lobby Rockefeller Fund to establish an institution similar to the Council of Social Science Research，Although the purpose is not achieved in the end，But multi -disciplinary exchange between social sciences、The atmosphere of mutual influence was formed — but at the time it seemed，Psychology and Sociology、The one -way impact of anthropology on politics obviously exceeds the latter's feedback。

　　The influence of the Chicago School

Generally speaking，The Political Department of the University of Chicago under the head of Meriam brought four obvious impacts for the long -term development of political science。

First，Large -scale social survey methods transplanted from sociology and statistics，Beginning with the beginning of the election voting research。Especially in 1924, Miriam and Gosnell studied the new method used when studying the phenomenon of "not voting"，Application of the application during the Presidential Election of the Public Opinion is 10 years earlier。1927，Gosnett continued to develop this pioneering research method in "Get rid of the election，Even more revolutionary starting to explore field test technology。Of course, Meriam himself is not a method expert，The pioneering work in this area is mainly Gosnell's contribution。Bet365 lotto review By the 1930s，Meriam began to investigate the questionnaire again、Attitude measurement (using the self -psychological Ses Dong quantity table) is applied to the "citizen education" research organized by him，It opened a precedent for the citizen culture research of Almond and Viban more than 20 years later。

2，Research ideas for using psychology，Research on publicity campaigns and political psychology。Students and collaborators of Meriam，Laswell brought psychological analysis and psychiatry research into political science。Laswell on the basis，opened a new field of modern communication。

third，Taking the municipal operation of Chicago as a direct observation object，Further developing Goodo、Administrative science created by Wilson and others、Municipalology，Guiding Political Science and Administrative Experience Research Focus on the Dynamic Process of Public Policy，instead of static institutional structure。1950，David Truman, from the Department of Political Department of the University of Chicago, published a milestone "Government Process"，It can be said that it is a successful example of the analysis of Benlit's interest group analysis with the research of the behavioral political process developed by the University of Chicago。

fourth，Focus on political power issues。1934 and 1945，Meriam published two works that seem to be closer to the old political theoretical works in the style of "Political Power" and "Political Science of the System" respectively.。Laswell published "Power and Society" as a by -product of the Wars Communication Research Project after World War II。These works Bet365 app download focusing on concepts and theoretical frameworks，It does not seem to be "scientific" in the method as the research results of the Chicago school.，But reveals the underlying concern of the behavioralist revolution in political infrastructure -from focusing on the actual operation of political power to focusing on political power，In addition to the research of political system research, a new concern tone has been opened for American political sociology。

The above four aspects，Without exception, it becomes an important research subject for American politics after World War II，profoundly affects the direction of contemporary political science。Of course，These early works from the Chicago School，It is difficult to "often read and often read" as those political scientific classics after the 1960s，But in the historical context at that time, the ambition to "build political science into a science"。Based on this basic position，The boundaries between different departments are diluted，Students of the Department of Political Department can use the various methods of different disciplines of the entire university。It is because of this long -term agenda settings，Although the Chicago School has only been active for 20 years，"But its life is expanded throughout the academic community，It still represents a mainstream of today's political science，If it is not the only mainstream "(Herbert Simonan)。

　(The author is an associate professor at the School of International Relations at Peking University、Director of the Department of Political Science)