Changes in the World、Changes in the era、The change of history is expanding in an unprecedented way，Human society is facing unprecedented challenges，The world stands again at the crossroads of history。international political pattern、Global Development Law、Deep complex changes in the world party structure, etc.，Ukraine crisis、Pakistani conflict Promotes the evolution of the world's major changes，All kinds of new and old problems are intertwined with complex contradictions、Increasing factors of instability and uncertainty，The threat of global challenges to human composition is becoming more and more serious。In this special era background，The key and decisive factor of political party politics as the world's 100 years of change，The characteristics of as a national political, social and economic development of the country are more prominent，The quality of political parties and the quality of party politics affect the country's governance and interest。The political party politics of the world mainly presents the following distinctive characteristics。

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The United States has been considered a prototype and model of democratic politics，But in recent years，The confrontation between the US Democratic Party and the Republican Party reached unprecedented intensity，Political parties become the normal state。Popularized polarization further leads to serious opposition and division in American society，As a result, "veto politics" is increasingly rampant，and eventually trigger a constitutional crisis in the United States。Specifically，The following three aspects are an important manifestation of the decline of the Western world represented by the United States。

First, the election politics with political party politics is gradually developing into ballot politics。Election voting is generally considered to be the cornerstone of Western democratic politics，Western democracy in the United States has regarded the election itself as the highest achievement。The duties of political parties were originally guided voters through the policy program in each election，Let voters trust their policy claims to vote for them。But，In recent years, the US political party's diluted political responsibility should be responsible for，Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party have regarded the election and voters as the starting bet365 live casino games point of the policy to cater to the voters。In this case，Voters are attracted by a certain policy or commitment，Election democracy generates short vision。At the same time，Too frequent elections and violent struggles have made political parties unable to serve the entire national interest，Political parties are more considered by the interests of political parties rather than national interests，How do you get the short -term interests of your governance rather than protect the long -term interests of the public。Coupled with the unique election system design of the United States，Election system like winners、Lack of unified regulations in each link of the election、Elections are mainly organized by the state and local governments, but they are divided into different political parties.，American national elections often become the main battlefield for bipartisan battles。Election politics is wrapped in the two parties politics，From "Who is Voters" to "How to Vote"，From "Design Voting" to "How to Count"，The two major political parties organizations are set up by a maze -like administrative procedure，Make "democracy" from the purpose of the purpose to the party's struggle。

Second, the polarization of political parties leads to the national social and political polarization。In recent years，U.S. political polarization has gradually become a comprehensive social and political polarization。The more serious the elite ideology of the two parties in the United States，The party sex information passed to the voters, the stronger the more intense，Voters are easier to distinguish between the differences between the two -party policy proposition，Make them a strong concept of party sex，Strengthen its internal connection with the party and strengthen its party identity。In other words，The clarity of the ideological and policy claims of the two parties makes it easier for the public to choose a political party that is consistent with them。

Third, social political polarization leads to constitutional crisis。Social politics polarization rebounds to political party's political level，completely changed the US election competition method，No longer tending、Integrated public opinion，Instead of competing "mutual black"，The transmission process of the regime is full of conflict, opposition, fighting。In other words，Rules and competition methods of political operations of American political parties，That is, alternate the regime in the competition between the two parties，No longer is peaceful Bet365 app download and stable。The kind of American party "does not oppose it for opposition、You can disagree with the other party's policy or governance concept, but must be legally and rationally opposed. "。The fundamental，Madison -style checks and balance of the constitutional system and political conflict between the polarist party is the crux of the constitutional crisis。

　A crisis in politics of European political parties

UK, major European countries、France、Germany、Italian election politics has a severe chaotic situation，Behind it is a serious crisis in politics in European political parties。

First, the political decline of political parties since the British "Brexit"。First，Frequently "change"，Exposed political dilemma。The Conservative Party has since become the ruling party in 2010，Or is the United Cabinet，or "Suspension Council"，The road of governing is hard -working。Second，"Brexit" under the temperature under the temperature of the party's internal differentiation and the serious party struggle。The economic trend of "Brexit" and "Brexit" era is completely torn on two parties，As a result, the respective party struggles of the two parties overflow，directly affects the normal operation of national politics。Two traditional parties of traditional parties are dragged down by the "Brexit" issue，The strength has decreased。Last，The ethnic self -determination or autonomy brought by "Brexit" allows multiple British separated political parties to rise rapidly。Multiple places separate doctrine parties wait for opportunities，Interested in using the "referendum" method to realize national or regional independence。2022 Northern Ireland Parliament Election，As a separate separation party that advocates the unity of the North Ireland and Ireland，The New Fen Party becomes the largest party of the parliament，completely changed the political pattern of Political Party in Northern Ireland。In the same year in Scotland local elections，The Scottish National Party, which advocates the independence of Scotland, once again wins as the largest party。Therefore，How to balance and integrate political differences in both inside and outside the two parties，Effective response to the challenges of inflation and economic recession，On this basis，Is the main problem faced by the UK。

Second, the German election system has caused the current coalition government to be weak。German political parties politics has been a mild multi -party system since the end of World War II。On the election system，Germany adopted the "two -vote system" Bet365 app download and "5%terms"，The original intention of the design is to limit the small party。Therefore，Germany has long formed a mainly based on the Christian Democratic Alliance and the Social Democratic Party、"Two Half -Party Systems" governed by the Liberal Democratic Party。Except that the Green Party broke the "5%clause" limit in 1983 with a voting rate of 5.6%，Before becoming the fourth party with a seat of the Federal House，No other political parties have entered the Federal House，This has created conditions for the political stability of Germany。

But，It is the special election system in Germany that leads to the current "disable"。First，"Terms of 5%" is the barriers set by political parties to enter the parliament，As a result, the old parties have insufficient preparations for the new parties to enter the system。Second，"Political Party Law" has no institutionalized regulations on the operating mechanism of the opponent，No institutional constraints on the new parties enter the parliament。This leads to an alternative choice party of "a sound of a shock" to become the primary opposition party，Master the strongest supervision power directly。The party's ideological polarization and no parliamentary compromise experience，It will have a significant impact on the long -term political ecology of Germany's stable parliament。Last，Multi -party system often means adding another layer of power division in the existing constitutional system of power，Therefore, the multi -party government is generally weak。2022，The German federal government not only experienced the longest time -consuming cabinet process，It is also accompanied by extremely intense party disputes，Especially within the Social Democratic Party。other，Germany as Europe's most representative multi -party country，The largest party must not only face the inquiry of the opposition members in the parliament，At the same time, it is also necessary to face the supervision of the friendly party inside the party alliance。

Three is the method、It is a fierce differentiation combination of political parties such as Italians。In the year of the French president and parliament in 2022，The first suspended parliament of the constitutional referendum in 2000 (decided to reduce the president's term from 7 years to 5 years);，Established a minority government with Elizabeth Borne as the Prime Minister。This shows the trend of the two major changes in the political party's politics: first of all, the trend of changes in the changes in the change of the new left and right competition bet365 Play online games pattern gradually gradually obvious，Followed by the phenomenon of leaving force differentiation and combination, exist at the same time。Deeper above，This indicates that the political status of traditional French mainstream political parties has further declined，The structure of the middle and extreme opposition formed by the 2017 election for formation is further confirmed，At the same time, the fragmentation of the structure of the party further intensified。

Due to the special historical background and election system，The differentiation and combination of the Italian party is more prominent，The characteristics of the party faction and the lack of stable political forces。The 2022 election in Italy，It is the first election of Italy after the constitutional referendum of the House of Representatives and the Senate seats.，It is also a sharp decline in the five -star movement of the largest party in the original parliament、The influence of the Italian brother party has risen in the background。Extreme right -wing parties rising in this election，The influence is further improved。

Generally speaking，Election politics of European countries show some changes in the political party politics of European political parties: the significant expansion of the political influence of right -wing populist parties; the general decline of the influence of mainstream political parties，Fragmentation situation is continuing; the turbulence of the political party structure continues to intensify，The ups and downs of political parties with the phenomenon of the new party are important factor in political instability in European countries。What is worse than meals is，After the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis in late February 2022，Western European countries as members of NATO after the Bayeng government in the United States，Participate in many aspects of sanctions on Russia，Caused the energy crisis and price increases，seriously affects the socio -economic life of major countries in Western Europe。

　　"Global Southern" political party politics rise

"Global South" is a concept of multicultural value、Loose developing countries group of cultural traditions and development levels。In recent years，"Global South" is given more and more political connotations，It is considered not to follow the Western and even anti -West political forces。Is in Latin America、Africa、Middle East、The majority of global southern regions or political development of national political parties represented by Asia presented the following main characteristics。

First, the political ecology of the left and right parties in the Latin bet365 best casino games American region is becoming increasingly common。In Latin America，The ruling party changes to continue becoming the main tone of the political development of the country's political parties in Latin American American countries，Except Nicaragua、The ruling parties of a few countries such as Barbados and other countries have been continuously governed，The ruling party changes in many countries。Left -wing parties won in many national elections and obtained their governing status。For example，2021 Left -wing parties in Peru、Chile、Honduras and other national elections won and replaced the right party to the stage。The Columbia election in 2022 has changed the situation that the country has been in power by the right party for decades，greatly changed the country’s political ecology。

Two is Africa、Middle East national political party politics of colonialism。Since the beginning of Africa in the late 1980s, Africa has opened the political democratization process，Politics of political party politics becomes an important form and operating mechanism for the political system of African countries。But，Due to the discomfort of social and economic development and political system，Frequently leading to the turbulence of political situations in various countries，Especially issues such as military coup and internal conflicts。With the gradual awakening of sovereignty consciousness in Africa countries，The self -consciousness of seeking political innovation with local characteristics is continuously enhanced，Is the future development trend of African countries。

Since the change of Arabic drama in 2010，The political party's politics of the Arab country enters the transition stage，Most Arab countries have experienced different types of political practice，Although the overall change of the limited multi -party system before the drama is gradually changed，But the dust is still settled。At the same time，The United States has expanded hegemony in the Middle East since 2001，Not only does not bring stability to these countries、Development and prosperity，Instead, Iraq、Syria and Libya and other countries have pushed political disability、The abyss of development backward and bloody civil war。Countries in the Middle East have also begun to reflect on the tumor of Western colonialism in the country，Aware that the importance of system design according to the national conditions。

Third, the Asian political parties, especially the powerful Chinese Communist Party and Chinese -style modernization, have a significant impact on bet365 live casino games world political development。The "oligopoly politics" is completely different from the West is，From the date of creation of the Communist Party of China，Stand with all Chinese people firmly。The Communist Party of China is the pioneer team of the Chinese worker class，It is also the pioneer team of the Chinese and Chinese nations。The Communist Party of China always conspires happiness for the Chinese people、As the original intention and mission for the Chinese nation，Always to fight for national independence、People's liberation and realization of the country's prosperity、People are happy and unremitting struggle。Under the guidance of Marxism，The Communist Party of China is not only seeking happiness for the Chinese people、Focusing on the Chinese nation，Also progress for human beings、Mind Datong for the world，Leading the Chinese people out of the Chinese -style modern road，Created a new form of human civilization in political parties。

　(Author is the director of Zhejiang (Jiaxing) China and Foreign Party Research Center、Chief Expert)