The plaque hangs on the door screen as a decoration，Can reflect the name and nature of the building，Express people's reason and emotion at the same time。Generally speaking，The plaque is located in the middle position of the eaves outside and indoors，This is the artistic manifestation of the "Shangzhong" culture in the plaque。The plaque will call the calligraphy of traditional Chinese culture、engraving、Architectural Art integrates integrated，Known as the "soul of ancient buildings"。

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Plaster is referred to as plaque for short，Ancient "plaque" writing "flat"。The Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Said the Word" made the following explanation of "flat": "Flat，Department also，From the Housebook。Turnover，The door to the portal also。”

The formation of plaque customs originated from the ancients' attention to the door。In ancient，Gate is called "Hengmen"，Is a logo of the territory，Some ethnic minorities in our country still retain the custom of placing prey on Hengmen as the custom of its territory。When the tribe develops into a country，The logo on the Hengmen is also simplified into text，Name。The country name of the Shang Dynasty is Shang，The Oracle writing of the word "Shang" is very similar to the birds placed above the Hengmen。Zhou Wenwang Jiantai Litian，List name "Lingtai"，It Bet365 app download can be said that it is the prototype of a plaque in the history of our country。

Since Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms，The plaque in the real sense is as an important national system to be promulgated and implemented。Qin "Huiji Stone Carvings" records: "Qin Shenglin Dynasty，Start the punishment name，Old chapter。"" Old Chapter "，Establishing the status and mission of the plaque。The body of the Qin Dynasty is determined to be eight，That is Da Yan、Xiaoyu、Chart、Worm Book、printing、Sencing Book、Book and Lishu。Law of the letter is also known as the list，It is the font for writing plaques。Prames are bred in pre -Qin，Germ in Hanwei，Growing in the Tang and Song dynasties，prevailing in Ming and Qing dynasties。

　Classification of plaque

One is different text。Forbidden City，"No plaque without a door，No Temple No Establishment "，Prames reflect the traces of the changes of the times。Mingcheng Zujian capital Beijing，"Its palace card amount，All Zhu Kongyang Bi "。Zhu Kongyang is a plaque inscribed by the Ming Dynasty Palace，Of course it is Chinese。Palace of the Early Qing Dynasty，The name of the palace is mostly used in the Ming Dynasty，But the plaque is full、Mongolia、Three words of Chinese writing。In the Qing Taizu Nurhachi ordered to create a Manchu，The Manchu only has language，No text，I used Mongolian text as the official text。Manwen is also created on the basis of Mongolian letters。Shunzhi Thirteen bet365 live casino games Years (1657)，Emperor Shunzhi issued the purpose，"Taimiao's plaque stop book Mongolian word，Only Book Full of Chinese characters "。Since then，Gradually canceled the Mongolian text on the plaque of the palace。But there are exceptions，The plaque in the area of ​​the Cining Palace is still full、Mongolia、Three words of Chinese writing。

February 12, 1912，The Last Emperor of the Qing Dynasty Puyi abdicated。According to "Conditioning Condition Conditions"，Puyi can continue to live in the inner court of the Forbidden City，The plaque in this area is full、Han Erwen has not changed the book，Always saved so far。

The second is different shapes。The plaque form in the Forbidden City is basically two types of horizontal plaque and vertical plaque，The choice of horizontal plaque and vertical plaque depends on the specific situation of the building。There is a component in ancient Chinese buildings called Dou Gong，It is located under the eaves，support the eaves，Tall and far -reaching。Before the Tang and Song dynasties，Dou Gong's part of the structure is very majestic and tall，It accounts for a large proportion of the height of the entire building，Equivalent to one -third or one -quarter of the eaves pillar。Starting from Ming and Qing Dynasties，The proportion of the bucket arch structure gradually reduces，Only equivalent to one -sixth or one -eighth of the eaves pillar。That is to say，The height from the top to the eaves is getting lower and lower，At this time, the vertical plaque bet365 Play online games cannot be placed，Suitable for hanging horizontal plaque。but，Tall buildings in the Forbidden City still use vertical plaque，Show its status lofty、Level Respect。

Three is different materials。From the material point of view，Prames are basically divided into wood、Stone and metal texture。Forbidden City，Most plaque is wood，Yicheng、Most of the wood such as beef and nanmu，Relatively speaking，Wooden plaque can better reflect the skill and skills of the person's plaque。Stone plaque due to difficulty engraving，Material bulky，It is not commonly used。plaque of metal texture is usually gold、Copper Come Bian Bian，The gold on the plaque needs to be covered with gold foil。In the Qing Dynasty's "The Plastic Parace of Wuying Hall", there was a record in the current example of the plaque of the Wuying Hall，The plaque surface of the plaque of the royal pen must be used to use powder oil，Gold foil，A one -size -he -eight -inch gold，588 pieces of gold foil。

Four is different practices。Classified by practice，Plaster can be divided into Douzi plaque、Carving Dragon plaque、Plane plaque、Freshy plaque、Celebritary plaque、Ruyi plaque、Paper Juan plaque, etc.。In the Forbidden City，Important buildings on the central axis are most commonly used in Douzi plaque。Because its cross -section is used in ancient times, it was used to call rice buckets in ancient times，Therefore, it is named Douzi plaque。In ancient architecture，Douzi plaque occupies an important bet365 live casino games position，Please ask for your purpose when installing，Cai Minister's sacrifice。

Different from the frame process，Douzi plaques can be divided into Ruyi Mundai Bouquet plaque and relief carving cloud dragon bucket plaque。Ruyi Yunjiao Bouquet plaque refers to the surrounding border of the plaque with Ruyi patterns or cloud patterns，Style simple and generous、Quaguchi，Most hanging in the first three halls、Two Three Palace Area。The embossed Yunlong bucket plaque refers to the borders of the plaque with beautiful and beautiful Yunlong reliefs，Style solemn and gorgeous、Noble and exquisite，Most hanging in Ningshou Palace、Jianfu Palace and Chonghua Palace。

　　Calligraphy art of plaque

Fei Yan of the Ming Dynasty wrote in "Big Book and Long Word"，"Plaster Names and Indetermction"，This can be seen，Calligraphy is the most intuitive art of plaque。The composition of the plaque includes the previous model、The next paragraph and the plaques three parts，There are only plaques，None of the ups and downs。The fonts are mostly positive crickets、Book、Lishu，Divided into two types: yin and yang carving，and mostly black paint gold。Yin refers to the strokes of the calligraphy characters from the plaque's plate surface and concave，The character of the carved carved is protruding from the board。Relatively speaking，Yin Ke comparison with labor，Yang Ke comparison。

Forbidden City，The text on the plaque is mostly written by the emperor，Bet365 lotto review Mainly large -character calligraphy，The entire chapter layout is closely layout。For example，The Emperor Gao Xuan Shunzhi Emperor Royal Pen "Zhengda Guangming" plaque，The Emperor Kangxi Emperor Kangxi in the Jiaotai Hall "Inaction" plaque，In the Yangxin Hall, the Emperor Yongzheng Emperor Yongzheng Royal Pen "Zhongzheng Renhe" plaque，Taihe Hall Gao Qianlong Emperor Yinglong Royal Pen's "Jianjisui" plaque。Most of these words come from the classic works of Confucianism，symbolize the supreme status of the emperor，At the same time, it shows the important idea of ​​his governance of the country。

　The value of the plaque

As an indispensable artistic element as a traditional building，Plaster can be used to identify the building name，Actual function with guidance，Often play a finishing touch in the building。Forbidden City is a huge royal palace building complex，In order to accurately explain the orientation of the building，You must use a plaque to name the building。

"Research History of Plastic Research，can be Zuo Wang;，Kattao's Eye; Learn Book with a plaque，Get brush marrow。"This is the best portrayal of the value of the plaques。Plaster is a unique cultural symbol，It is a mirror that reflects historical culture，is a proof of witnessing the change of the dynasty and the changes of the environment。By plaque culture，People can deepen the profound and profound Forbidden City Culture。

　(Author Unit: Forbidden City Museum)