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"Historical Records · Lu Zhou Gongshi Family" contains: "Lu Gong Bo Bowl was sealed at the beginning of Lu，Three years and then report to Zhou Gong。Zhou Gong said: ‘Why is it? ‘Bowen said:‘ becomes vulgar，Demonstrate Gift，Three years of funeral，Therefore。'"So，People are often used to "change customs" to describe the characteristics of Lu culture。

1977-1978，Shandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology (now Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute)、Shandong Provincial Museum and other units，Over -scale archaeological work has been launched on the site of the old city of Lu Kingdom，Basically clarified the scope of the old city of Lu State、shape、Layout and other basic questions，and published the Archaeological Report "Qufu Lu State Old City" (Qilu Shu Society, 1982 edition)。​​Since 2011，Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Institute to cooperate with the construction of the National Archaeological Site Park of the Township City of Qufu Lu，Here I carried out a series of archeological exploration and excavation work。These archeological work strongly revealed，"Change of Customs" is not applicable to the characteristics of the planning of the old city of the country，There are three concepts of the planning of the old city of the Lu State: re -traditional、Respecting System and Practical Agent。

　Inheriting the old tradition

The traditional concept of the planning of the old city plan of the Lu Kingdom is mainly reflected in the design of the city corner、City wall construction method and cemetery arrangement。

The four cities of the old city of the country are arc -shaped，This is the city corner design style of the prehistoric city site in Shandong area。In the prehistoric city site that has been found in Shandong and its neighboring areas,，Ruyang Qicheng、Yanggu Jinganggang、Zhangqiu Chengzi Cliff、Zou Ping Ding Gong、Wulian Dan soil、Wulian Dan soil、Lianyungang Rattan Flower and other cities，The shape of the city corner is arc -shaped。From this，OK is，The Cape Corner of the Arc is a major feature of the prehistoric city site in Shandong，The horn shape of the hometown of Qufu Lu State Bet365 lotto review should inherit this traditional style。

Display and display of the northeast city wall of the old city of Lu Kingdom，The first phase of the city wall (early spring and autumn) was built with a pile method，and did not dig the base slot。instead of digging the base slot、Packing the city wall is the main feature of the Longshan Cultural City site in Shandong。In other words，The construction of the city wall in the early Spring and Autumn Period of the Lu Kingdom should be directly inherited with the old tradition of the city building in the area。other，City、tight neighbors，City、壕 is another prominent feature of the Longshan City site in Shandong。(See Sun Bo's "Shandong Longshan City Wall Latinopia Experience Experience Slightly Talk"，"Research on Cultural Relics" series 17，Science Press 2010 Edition) In the Spring and Autumn Period, the city walls of the Lu State in the Spring and Autumn Period are close to the trench outside the city，This is also a manifestation of traditional performance。Of course，The city of the old city of the country、The adjacent neighbor is also an objective requirement for engineering technology and military defense。The earliest city wall of Lu Guo City is about 5 meters wide，Only 2 meters high，The city wall is relatively narrow，Only when the moat ditch is close to it，can expand the high difference，Guarantee defense effect。

There are two systems in the cemetery in the hometown of Lu State，That is the tomb of group A and B often referred to。Common combination of burial pottery in group A tomb (such as four 鬲、Four 簋、Four Beans, etc.)，Popular waist pits、Dog Custom，The owner of the tomb is Yin Yimin and Aboriginal people。Group B tomb is obviously different，Common 鬲、tank combination，No waist pits and dogs，The owner of the tomb is Zhou Ren。The phenomenon of this kind of cemetery has continued until early the Warring States Period。

The Shang and Zhou Dynasties pay attention to gathering people and live，Buried in the Judu。Zhou Ren and Yin Renmin、Aboriginal people are buried separately，Reflect that they should live separately during their lifetime、Independent life。Combined with archeological discovery and literature records，It can be seen that Zhou people mainly live in the central part of the city、Southeast，Yin Ren、People are mainly living in the west of the city、Northwest and Outside City。According to the documents such as "Zuo Zhuan"，Zhou She and Society，belongs to Zhou people and Yin people。

Bet365 lotto review This can be seen，The rulers of the hometown of Lu State will be for a long time，It has not forcibly changed the living habits and funeral customs of Yin survivor and aboriginal people，Instead of taking compatibility with them、Huairou's ruling strategy。"Change its vulgar，Removal Qi Li "said，It may not be as simple as people usually know，The actual situation is far more complicated than imagined。Two ethnic groups in the city、Special phenomenon of coexistence independently，Explain the lifestyle of Zhou people to Yin's people and aborigines、Funeral customs and other traditional culture have given enough respect and tolerance。From this perspective，"Zuo Zhuan" related to Lu State "Qi Shang Shang Zheng，Xinjiang to Zhou Suo "is basically credible。

　　Respect the Zhou Dynasty ceremony

The concept of respect for the ritual system planning of the old city of the Lu Kingdom is mainly reflected in the shape of the city's plane、Chaosang design and palace district selection and other aspects。

Lu Guo City is not straight because the city wall arc is not straight，Plane shape looks irregular，But as a whole，belongs to east -west、Angle long square。Many of the plane shapes in the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Plains today are mostly horizontal and long square，If the site of Yanguo, Beijing Liulihe,、Henan Han, Han Wei Luoyang's hometown of West Zhou City、Site of Lijiayao, Sanmenxia, ​​Henan、Shaanxi Zhouyuan Fengxin City site, etc.。Visible，The horizontal long square is likely to be the regulation of the shape of the city address in the Western Zhou Dynasty。

The latest archeological materials display，The establishment of the founding city of Lu State is not the Western Zhou Dynasty that people thought in the past，but started on the occasion of two weeks，But it is likely to inherit the shape planning ideas of the previous Western Zhou city site。This is the manifestation of urban shape in the honor。and，Small town in the middle of the city in the late Spring and Autumn Period，and "Hancheng" in the southwestern area of ​​the Warring States Period，Also with horizontal square，This further confirms this。

The design of the Old City of the Lu Guo City also reflects the color of the ceremony。"Yan Zi Chun Qiu · Internal Miscellaneous Chapter" describes Yan Zi to Qi Jinggong，The design of the city and the palace room when the city and the palace room are designed to west when the city is built.，It is because of "the founding Bet365 lotto review of the Zhou Dynasty，West of the country，Yi Zun Zhou Ye "。The direction of the Qi State of Linzi and Qi State in the Archeology Institute today and the two north -south main roads in the city，All bias to the southwest，visible literature records are indeed based。Of course，Linzi Qicheng is not where the Taigong club is located at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty，But the city built may uphold the early planning concept。

The hometown of the country is also the same，The city's overall orientation is south and west，The main road (road No. 9) connected to the central palace area and Bet365 app download the east gate of the south wall of the main gate is also slightly inclined west。This plan is also the meaning of "Zun Zhou" (see Qu Yingjie's "Lucheng Re -Discover"，"Qilu School" 1993, No. 6)，and Zun Zhou naturally is also a performance of "respect"。

The Palace District is selected in the position of the slightly east part of the central part of the city，The method of choosing a neutral palace was the manifestation of the thought of "respected in the middle" at that time。"Xunzi · Da Ren" Cloud: "Want to be near the four sides，Mo as the central，So the king must live in the world，Liye also。"" Lu's Spring and Autumn · Benefit ":" The King of Ancients，Choose the world and stand for the country，Choose the country and the Palace，Select the palace and stand up to the temple。"" These records highlight the ideas of the Zhou Dynasty "respected in the middle"。The selection of the Palace District of the Lu Guo City Palace is the product of this kind of ritual thought。What needs to be explained is，The location of the palace area is also the highest point in the city，Therefore, make full use of the favorable land to build a palace room here，It is also a manifestation of pragmatic concept。

　Highlight the actual function

The pragmatic concept of the planned city planning of the Lu Kingdom is mainly reflected in the city selection、City Gate Distribution and Road Network Design。

Lu Guo's hometown of the city is located at the turning point of Xunshui，At the same time, it is on the remaining pulse extending west of the east to the west。From the perspective of the macro environment，Both sides of the north and south are big、Xiaoyi River and Sihe passed，The location of the mountain is surrounded by mountains and waters，Unique，There is a benefit of both highlands，There is no risk of water deficiency。The palace area is selected on the highland of Zhougong Temple in the city in the city，Choose high and stand，It can reflect the bet365 Play online games majesty of the national monarch to the people，It is also conducive to military defense，At the same time, it is convenient for drainage。

other，Lu Guo City West、North Two -sided city walls directly use the natural river to water as natural moat，and conform to the water flowing，presents the characteristics of incompetent arc。Do not ask for regular rules，But in shape，Adactions to local conditions。The site selection and construction of the old city of Lu State shows the strong pragmatic concept of the city who builds the city。

Lu State's hometown found a total of 11 gates，There are only 2 seats in the south，The remaining three -sided city walls have 3 gates each。The gate of the city is not evenly distributed on the walls of the four sides。in East、West、On each city wall of the north，3 gates of the 3 city are not evenly distributed。The particularly worth noting is，On the east -west wall，Two gate gates are located in the position of the north half of the city wall，Especially the west city wall is the most prominent，2 gates in the north obviously lived in the northwest of the city。As for the north city wall, there are 2 city gates in the western section。In other words，The distribution of the urban gate of the Lu Kingdom is different，The southern half is relatively sparse，The North Half Half Department is relatively dense，The most densely in the north of the north half of the north half。

The reason why it is arranged like this，Dang Dang Dang Dang Dang Danglie in the residential area of ​​the city。The central and southern half of the city is the residence of the monarch and senior nobles (there is a blank space in the local area)，and north of the part of the part is the place where ordinary residents and handicraft producers live，Population dense，Frequent exchanges。So，The number of urban gates in the northern half is set more，Easy to travel for daily。Set the gate of the gate according to how much the residential population，Expressing strong pragmatism and flexibility。

At the same time，This design is also related to defense。City Gate is the weak link of urban defense，The less the number of the city gate，The stronger the defensive。There are fewer gates in the southern half of the city，Only 4 seats，Especially the city gate connecting the central palace area，Only the south gate of the West Wall、South Wall East Gate、East Wall Middle Gate and East Wall North Gate, etc.。This arrangement has strongly strengthened the defense force of the Bet365 app download southern and palace districts。In the era of monarchy，"Wei Jun is more important than guarding the people"，From the perspective of defense，This is still a pragmatic expression。

Due to uneven distribution of the gate，Coupled with irregular shapes of the city，The design of the road network in the city is also very irregular。General phenomena that is different from the two -sided city gate of ancient Chinese cities，The north gate of the west wall is not connected to the north gate of the east wall，and connect with the east gate of the North Wall。That is to say，The northernmost thing to connect the main road is the north gate of the west wall and the east gate of the north wall。The other two East -West Avenue No. 2、No. 3 Road，The west wall and the north gate of the east wall are connected to the north gate of the west wall、South Gate of the West Wall and the Middle Wall in the East Wall。Bet365 lotto review This can be seen，The gate distribution and road design of the old city of Lu State are very irregular，More considered the needs of the actual travel of the people in the city，shows a very strong pragmatic color。

This leads to a problem，Is there a planning concept of the central axis symmetry in the hometown of Lu State? From the perspective of existing materials，Lack of sufficient evidence proves that the symmetry pattern of the old city of Lu State。The main basis of the symmetry of the old city of Lu State in the past，It is the city's backbone pattern，The building complex of the Zhougong Temple in the central city、East Gate of the South Wall and the East and West Terraces and the Dance Terrace of the southern part of the city，It constitutes the north -south axis of the city。This evidence is worth re -examining and thinking。

The latest archeological discovery display，The central part of the city does build a small city (the city is different from the "small city" of the city report of the city of the Lu State，The relationship between the two needs to be found)，But the times belong to the late spring and autumn，It is not at the same time as the founding of Dacheng。That is to say，The backbone pattern of this inner and outer city ring is not pre -planning，but gradually formed。What needs to be indicated is，The construction of the small town is for military reasons，In order to effectively deal with the threat of the three puppet forces to the room。More importantly，Check the map of Qufu City and find it.，The dance platform is not located on the connection of the tuning earth building complex of Zhougong Temple and Bet365 app download the east gate of the south wall，Instead of living in the west (on the west side of the Lusheng East City Wall in the Ming Dynasty)。So，Three say that the middle axis says that the most basic conditional support is lost。

other，Lucheng East、West、3 doors on the walls of the North Sanxian City，The palace area is built in the central part of the city，Market is located in the north of the city。Various signs display，"Zhou Li · Kao Gong Ji · Craftsman" is very closely related to the hometown of Qufu Lu.，It is likely to be based on the hometown of Lu State as the main material，Refined again、Written into a book after transformation，or is a reference、Some elements that have been absorbed by the old city pattern of the country，Reuse、Integrated it。

　　(This article is the 2019 Social Science Planning Research annual Youth Project "Shandong City East Zhou City Research" (19dkgj01) phase results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Qufu Normal University)