■bet365 Play online games and photo of the revised edition of the Song Dynasty "Inscriptions on the Stone" collected by the Shanghai Library. Author/photo provided

Seal sealing on books is a characteristic tradition of ancient Chinese bet365 Play online games collecting，It runs through the generation of ancient books、Streaming、In the process of collection and inheritance and continues to this day。

　　The academic value of multi-disciplinary interactive bet365 Play online games collection

The bet365 Play online games seal is a special type of document that uses a seal as a carrier，It is the product of the combination of seal art and ancient bet365 Play online games collection，The content involves document publishing、Transcript、Appraisal、Historical materials such as inheritance and life stories of characters，The form includes the data value of seal cutting and ancient characters。Most of the physical objects in the collection of books and seals disappeared with historical changes，But its imprint is contained in the vast sea of ​​extant ancient books，It is a valuable academic resource that has not been fully explored。

From the perspective of ownership，bet365 Play online games collection seals can be divided into private seals and institutional seals。Private seal is the main body of bet365 Play online games collection seal，Confirms the classics written by literati from all walks of life in ancient and modern times、Copying、The status and role in collection and inheritance activities，It is a historical material for studying private collections；Institutional seal is a historical relic of the bet365 Play online games collection institution of past dynasties，Witnessed the emergence of institutions、Evolution、The history of replacement and demise，is a clue to explore the changes in the library organization。

From a functional perspective，bet365 Play online games collection seals can be divided into collection seals、Title, postscript and publication seal。Collection seal is the circulation process of ancient books，A seal used to identify the ownership and collection function of books；The inscription and postscript are the inscriptions and postscripts of ancient books，A seal used to identify the copyright of inscriptions and postscripts；The publication seal is after the ancient bet365 Play online games is engraved into a bet365 Play online games，To reveal ancient bet365 Play online games engravings、Circulation、Copyright、A seal stamped with publishing information such as edition and outline。The three provide rich materials for the study of ancient bet365 Play online games collection and publication。

The organization and development of ancient bet365 Play online games collections and seals is conducive to promoting the collection culture、Seal cutting culture and Chinese character culture，Enhance cultural confidence；For promoting the protection of ancient books、Promote reading promotion、Cultivating the taste of bet365 Play online games collection has a guiding role，Be able to study philology、Version Science、Bibliography、Seal cutting、philology、Research in multiple disciplines such as linguistics provides new materials and new horizons，Promote academic innovation。

　　An ice-breaking move to revitalize resources and organize bet365 Play online games collections

With the development of the national census of ancient books，The prosperity of digitization and photocopying of ancient books at home and abroad，Various catalogs of ancient books and photocopied ancient bet365 Play online games series are being published one after another，Various ancient bet365 Play online games image and full-text databases have been established and opened，Ancient bet365 Play online games collection and seal resources will be continuously announced，But the thematic collection and development is relatively lagging behind。Overall，The excavation and arrangement of ancient bet365 Play online games collections and seals is still in the preliminary stage，The bet365 Play online games collection and printing resources have not been systematically organized yet、Scientific disclosure and rational development，It is an unpopular field and weak link in the compilation and research of ancient books。

The collection of bet365 Play online games seals is limited in time and space，The scope of material collection is limited，The finishing scale is small；The published results of the bet365 Play online games collection are few in number，Single type，Varies in quality；The digital development of bet365 Play online games printing is relatively backward，Lack of large thematic database，No special metadata standards and description specifications for bet365 Play online games collections have been formed，No description created、A data development platform with relatively complete sharing and retrieval functions；The research group on bet365 Play online games seals is relatively small，Research literature is scattered，Narrow research horizons，Lack of literature review from an interdisciplinary perspective、Seal cutting form、Carry out research on text forms, etc.。

Research on the collection and printing of books must break through the shackles of unpopular labels，On the one hand, we must continuously expand the scope and scale of material collection and realize resource digitization，On the other hand, we must make a difference in interdisciplinary research，further expand research horizons。The organization of bet365 Play online games seals is the foundation for the construction of seal philology and seal philology，Multidisciplinary theoretical methods should be comprehensively used to explore the seal carving form of the collection of books、Text form、The academic value contained in language morphology。Breaking through the limitations of previous research on ancient bet365 Play online games collections and seals solely from the perspectives of philology and edition，Comprehensive application of seal cutting、philology、Theories and methods of grammar, vocabulary and other related disciplines，Conduct cross-research on bet365 Play online games seals，Continuously broadening research horizons，Form a multi-faceted research pattern，Deeply explore the multiple academic values ​​of ancient bet365 Play online games collections and seals。

　　Basic work of seal interpretation, bet365 Play online games collection and seal arrangement

The prerequisite and key to the arrangement of bet365 Play online games collections and seals is the interpretation of seals。Complete seal interpretation including text recognition、Interpretation of Seal、Print Examination Certificate、Four steps including sequence determination。

As far as text recognition is concerned，Most bet365 Play online games cuttings use ancient characters，After being printed, the fonts undergo various artistic changes，In addition, there is a lack of standard use of words in ancient bet365 Play online games cutting，Continuous creation and accumulation through the ages，Resulting in a large number of rare characters in the bet365 Play online games、Various characters and artistic characters，Making identification difficult。In terms of interpretation of the bet365 Play online games，The order of printed text and the actual language order are sometimes not consistent，Or even disorganized，Unfamiliar with the pronunciation of printed text will affect the interpretation。As far as the bet365 Play online games master’s examination is concerned，Can the bet365 Play online games be read?、The amount of information recorded in the bet365 Play online games and its correlation with the identity of the bet365 Play online games owner，Joined to decide the result of the bet365 Play online games examination。In terms of determining the order of seals，Especially when multiple collectors have stamped a large number of seals，Need to consider the era of the printing master、Character relationship、The bet365 Play online games rules, bet365 Play online games position and other factors can only be clarified through complicated inference and research。

Therefore，Seal interpretation is a complex systematic project，Need to comprehensively apply multidisciplinary theories and methods。This puts forward certain requirements for the professional quality of those engaged in bet365 Play online games collection printing，Need philology、philology、Knowledge of seal cutting and other disciplines，Continuous accumulation and integration。There are so many ancient books in existence in our country，The collection of books and printing resources is extremely rich，There is a long way to go to organize and develop work。National ancient bet365 Play online games protection centers at all levels should pay attention to and attach importance to the interpretation and recording of bet365 Play online games seals，It can be included in the ancient books census training and training courses，Hiring philology、Seal cutting、Experts in philology and other related fields，Provide special training on the interpretation and description of ancient bet365 Play online games collections and seals，Improving the interpretation ability of ancient bet365 Play online games census personnel，Provide human and intellectual support to comprehensively promote the development of bet365 Play online games collection and printing resources。

　　An effective way to digitally develop and organize bet365 Play online games collections

Building a database is an effective way to develop and utilize bet365 Play online games and print resources，Aiming to fully realize the digitization of bet365 Play online games collection and printing research。Investigating and collecting seal resources in my country’s surviving ancient books，Use multidisciplinary theoretical methods to interpret it、Research and knowledge discovery，Convert bet365 Play online games collections in the form of documents into digital information resources，Construction with bet365 Play online games seal as theme，Involving characters and institutions、Ancient Books Catalog、Version bet365 Play online games Shadow、Seal carving glyph、Indic vocabulary and other related information，Cover historical documents、version directory、Language、A comprehensive resource library and tool library including corpus and knowledge of calligraphy, seal cutting and other disciplines。This can be seal philology、The development of interdisciplinary subjects such as seal philology，Provide research direction guidance and corpus support，Gradually upgrade the study of bet365 Play online games seal arrangement to a special topic in the discipline of ancient bet365 Play online games arrangement。

The primary issue in the development of digital collection and printing is the design of metadata standards and the formulation of bibliographic rules。Currently，Stamp metadata standards have not yet been established at home and abroad，Need to be specially designed for the attributes and characteristics of bet365 Play online games printing resources。bet365 Play online games collection seal is a major type of seal，Also related to the character，Also contacted with the literature，The elements and modifiers of metadata should be established mainly based on three aspects of attribute characteristics，Describe and reveal resources。In terms of seal attributes，Should involve printing、Explanation、Classification、Language、Font、Yin Yang、Color、Number of rows、Number of words、Shape、Sidebar、boundary、Size、Material、Description of side payment and other elements；In terms of character ownership，Should involve the name of the printer and the printer、Times、Country、Region、Description of biography and other elements；In terms of document characteristics，The title should be involved、Version、bet365 Play online games Shadow、Description of elements such as collectors。Thus forming a comprehensive collection of books and seals、Knowledge description from multiple perspectives，Provide accurate and reliable basic materials for academic research。

The bet365 Play online games seal database is a collection of seal data、Character data、Comprehensive resource library including bibliographic data，The search function must realize complex retrieval of the attribute information of the seal itself，It is also necessary to achieve related retrieval of character information and document information，Thus achieving a comprehensive collection of bet365 Play online games and printing resources、Accurate and efficient utilization。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project "Research on the Collation and Database Construction of bet365 Play online games and Print Resources Published in my country's Rare Ancient Books and Catalogs" (20BTQ029)

(Author’s unit: Jinan University Library)