History，north of Yanshan、West、On the banks of the Slamulon River east of Qi Lao Tu Mountain、The upper reaches of the Liaohe River and the Linghe Basin，It is used to be called western Liaoning region，The residents here use cylindrical pots。Southern Yanshan Living is the use of pottery、Taozi seat combination cooker or residents of Tao Ding。In the middle of the Yellow River, there are residents who use small mouth bottle。They belong to the three most important ethnic groups in northern ancient China，From 6500 years ago, "You come and go"，Continuous collision、Fusion，The historical stories that have been performed in western Liaoning for more than a thousand years，It has also achieved the birth of Hongshan civilization around 5200 years。

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The earliest archeological culture in western Liaoning is Chahai -Xinglongwa Culture，When its strength was the strongest, I crossed Yanshan，Arrive in Yannan area。Around 7200 years，Affected by Yannan Magnetic Culture North，Zhahai -Xinglongwa Culture has evolved into Zhao Baogou Culture，and the remaining parts are retained in the north of the Slamuron River，and later evolved into Fuhe Culture，There is an archaeological culture that has a close relationship with them in the Xialiao River Basin，It is called Xinle Lower Culture。

About 6500 years away，Yannan area originated from the Hougang Phase 1 of Taihang Shandong District, which is rapidly strong，and start to go against the rivers of the mulberry，I entered Jinbei without any resistance.、Jinzhong and Inner Mongolia's central and southern parts。Another branch crosses Yanshan，Drive and occupy the living space of Zhao Baogou's cultural residents，As a result, the latter retreats to the north of the Slamuron River。Aboriginal people who live across the river and Hougang immigration ceramic craftsmanship interact with each other，A group of similar utensils with factors with both parties。This is the archeological Hongshan culture。

Motor Anshan Mountain, Jianping、Chaoyang Xiaodongshan site，You can capture the information of the exclusive discharge of the vulnerable Zhao Baogou cultural group of Hougang immigration culture。Ma'anshan Mountain Site is located in the southwest of Shitaigou Village, Taipingzhuang Town, Jianping County, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province。In the location of the cultural characteristics of Zhao Baogou cultural bet365 Play online games characteristics,，We found that the bone bone with a second bone picked up was intentionally placed in the house address.。This type of room site is in the same site as the location of other Redshan people in the settlement。

Xiaodongshan Site is located in Yingzi Village, Liucheng Town, Chaoyang County, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province。Where，The pottery type and decoration features unearthed in a square room site in the east side，Similar to Zhao Baogou Cultural Pottery at the Xizhai site。The surface engraving pattern unearthed in F5 is clearly related to Zhao Baogou's cultural animal pattern.，It is obviously different from the cluster of the umbrella unearthed from the red mountain cultural village on the west side of the site。Combined with the northern bank of the Slamuron River, the mud circle socket method，South Bank is the tradition of mud in Hougang's first cultural tradition，It is proved that the above site should be the same place to drive and replace the physical reflection of Zhao Baogou people，Instead of integrating two for one fusion。

Enter around 6000 years ago，The cultural pattern in the middle reaches of the Yellow River has undergone tremendous changes，With a small pointed bottle、Colorful pottery fish patterns are typical characteristics Banpo culture entered its late stage "historians"。At this time，Banpo's cultural distribution area is continuously expanded，Especially enter the upper reaches of the Weihe River west，Enter the river in the north，Hougang No. 1 cultural residents who came here to live here hundreds of years ago form a driving force，Black mud kiln culture was formed in central and southern Inner Mongolia。

Soon after，Xiyin Culture, which has quietly emerged in the Jinnan area, has also begun to expand west to east to south，At the same time, advance to the north。West Yin cultural relics discovered from Jinbei and Beibei，The resistance of the descendants of the local Hougang is not to be underestimated。Rudo Shanxi Datong Majia Village site found a pentagon house unique to Xiyin culture，But the small mouth of the small mouth、brown color pottery and other common，and the common pottery commonly used in Xiyin culture、Pottery stove and typical colorful pottery pot、Bowl and other rare or no see。The discovery of Zhangjiakou, Hebei is also similar。

　　■ Earth unearthed at Xinglongwa site Jade  Ye Nian/Figure

　　■ Niuheliang site unearthed the two -hole jade comb on two -hole jade combal  Ye Nian/Figure

　　■Double hook -shaped cloud -shaped jade pendant unearthed at Niuheliang site  Ye Nian/Figure

　　The formation and development of Hongshan culture

Changes in the above -mentioned cultural pattern，bet365 best casino games For Hongshan Culture from 6000 years from 6000 years ago，Treatment of two different stages of the front and rear。

The first stage，Shijiaqi Banpo Culture and Xiyin Culture's successive northern direction expansion，As a result, the residents of the first phase of the Hougang culture were driven away with the segment defeat。Because the Yannan area is gradually occupied by Xiyin culture，So the best place for them is the only place in Liaoning。The emergence of the factors of Shijiaqi Banpo Culture and Xiyin Culture in Hongshan Culture，First of all, the residents of Hougang system with the above factors brought into western Liaoning，So at this time, this factor is always manifested with the prototype of Banpo culture and Xiyin culture.。

From the two different types of ceramic crafts on both sides of the Sramullen River, this point is still stable.，The layout of the Hougang immigrants from the western Liaoning region has not changed fundamentally。Two in materially accepted the influence of cultural elements from the Yellow River in the middle of the Yellow River，Cross -Strait ethnic groups have performed very obvious in spiritual identity，and seem to be the upper hand with the aboriginal people。For example，Hougang immigrants adopted the form of aboriginal tombs -Jishizuka and Yiyu buried; Hougang immigrants not only accepted Chonglong customs，Create the image of colorful pottery dragon; the long -standing goddess worship，Also accepted by Hougang Immigration。

The second stage is equivalent to the late Xiyin culture in the middle of the Yellow River。At this time，Between the white mud kiln culture of the Banpo system and the red mountain culture，Obviously there is no obstruction of the descendants of Hougang，The elements of the half -slopes in Hongshan culture are looming、Simple expression of expression becomes real and clear。For example，Poor pottery and other colorful pottery of Hongshan culture can only be found in the historian period Banpo culture，But it is a deformation based on the latter's original pattern，Basically, you can't see the pattern that spread directly。and at this time，Whether it is an instrumental or diagonal triangle、Overlapped tadar color pottery decorations are the same as the Banpo system。

This stage includes the pimples unearthed in the relics of the Niuheliang site "God Temple"、圜 bottom bowl、Big mouth can, etc.，Especially colorful pottery patterns，The relationship between similar elements in the white mud kiln culture is clear at a glance。4537_4556，But obviously there is no impact on bet365 live casino games the influence of the white mud kiln culture，At that time, Xiyin Cultural Flower Ceramics, which was popular in the northern region, had almost no in Hongshan culture。Visible，The integration of Xi Yin culture and Hongshan culture at least south of Yanshan is not very smooth。But Xiyin culture enters Yannan，The contact between Hougang immigrants and its mother group，Make it lost its strong reliance，In the end, the latter lost the strong position that has continued for nearly a thousand years in western Liaoning，The Aboriginal group of Western Liaoning finally recovered their homeland in the south of the Sramuron River。At this time，Hongshan Culture has also entered the late stage。

　　■ Hongshan Cultural Yulong Leaf One Nostalgia/Figure Figure

　　■ Niuheliang site 16 unearthed jade people  Ye Nian/Figure

　　The generation of new order is originally the origin of Hongshan civilizationAround 5500 years，Hougang's descendants and the Aboriginal people in the western Liaoning people have been broken after nearly a thousand years of coexistence and running convergence.，The extent of the aboriginal style in the south of the Sramuron River appeared。In the relics of this period of the Niuheliang site，We have seen the lapse of the mud circle that has never been seen in the previous Hongshan Culture Hougang Immigration Large，Explain that the indigenous people have returned to the hometown south of the Slamuron River again。The so -called "Aboriginal" at this time，It may include Zhao Baogou Culture, which exists here before Hougang immigrants enter Western Liaoning、Fuhe Culture, and the descendants of cultures such as the lower level of Xinle。Although they all come from the ancestor source of Xinglongwa Culture，But after a long period of evolution，The relationship between them may only be used as a distant memory memory。　 

With the strong loss of Hougang immigrants，Land with relatively superior resources south of the Slaimen River faces re -distribution，The crowd needs to find a common foundation、Common interests to achieve a new balance。At this time, a large and luxurious sacrifice building such as a goddess temple appeared at this time.，but the Redshan people trace back to the ancestor、Performance of the foundation and approach to establish a new order。Understand from this sense to understand Niuhe Liang，It can be said，From the stage of the God of Virgin，It should be a religious sacred place for the culture here。

During the next two or three hundred years，Xiyin culture in the Yellow River Basin has been broken down，The entire northern region has entered a stage bet365 Play online games of re -integration and distribution of resources。A portrait of different images unearthed from the cultural site of Hongshan，A person with a high -amount large -scale cubs or concave -eyed high nose outer regions，There are also Chinese images with curved eyebrows with small mouths or wide noses, wide noses, thick lips，It can be seen that the collision of crowds in western Liaoning should also enter a new peak period。So，Facing the intricate ethnic relationships composed of new and old immigrants and differentiated aboriginal people，Explore common common、Symbiosis、complementary、Order road and mode，It is always the most important background of the birth of Hongshan civilization，The emergence of public power of the clan system that is urgent than the blood basis。Red Mountain Society before and after the formation of civilization，Have the following six features。

​​First，Hongshan people's wealth concentration is not obvious。The funeral items in the fourth phase of the red mountain cultural tomb of the Niuhe Liang site are all jade，and quantity limited，The most abundant tomb of the funeral is not necessarily the central tomb，Similar funerals are almost not repeated in a tomb。Explain that this kind of special significant jade articles only express the identity of the owner of the tomb，does not mean wealth，How many property did not become a sign of the identity level of members in the society at that time。

Second，During the tomb, it has not seen the strong demand for military or military power in society。In the Yellow River、Representative of the Yangtze River Basin、The number of unearthed in the red mountain culture is not limited，and the status is significantly lower than the device class that displays divine rights。Hongshan Cultural Jade (Stone) 钺 A total of 5 pieces of unearthed，Even if 钺 might express that the tomb owner had military command and power at that time，But the status in society is not prominent。

third，Residents of the same archeological culture through religious knowledge，Basically formed the belief and values ​​of similar ethnic groups。Different ethnic groups have continued to collide and triggered for thousands of years of cultural identity，People who have basically been in the same ecosystem have been in the field of simplicity in the field of simplicity、identity of the pattern，Rising to the gradual consistency of spiritual beliefs。Dragon worship and its image tend to be determined to replace a variety of prototype animal worship，Female worship from high bet365 Play online games -yield witchcraft props to becoming a common ancestral god，The tomb form of Jishizuka and the sacrifice form of the cylindrical device，Both gradually become different areas of the entire Hongshan culture、Consensus from different people。

Fourth，The most advanced social productivity is controlled by religious power。Jade production is the most complicated process in the jade manufacturing industry、The highest degree of professionalism，Seeing the burial jade material in Niheliang and Banlashan、Semi -finished or processing the tomb of the footprint，but not in the ordinary settlement，Explain that jade and jade production technology may be controlled by people with certain religious power。

Fifth，It has formed a certain level mode with jade expression，There are funeral bracelet rings、Burial bracelet rings and animal jade or complex shape jade weip、Different jade combinations of the three types of jade wares of burial bracelet ring and animal jade and complex shape jade，and the shape of the tomb、The scale and position form a certain corresponding relationship，Instructions that the ceremony system has begun to form。

Sixth，It can be known from the regional survey of Hongshan Culture，There are two characteristics of the cultural site，One is a settlement or altar or Qishi mound with a settlement group，The other is the level of religious building address.，Site in Xinglonggou、Straw Hodi Site、Dongshanzui site、Niuheliang site，We can see that the division belongs to the settlement、settlement group、Religious sacrifice sites at different levels of super settlement groups and core areas。

All descriptions above，Hongshan Social and Scholars' Hiring Power is expressed by religious -related systems，Although not mature enough，But in the broad distribution area of ​​Hongshan culture，It has maintained a high degree of standardization on its jade shape，It should be a rule restriction，It should be a reflection of the Hongshan people through religious power。This is common in Hongshan society、Public power of the single ethnic blood clan society exceeds the public power of the single ethnic group，It is the performance that has appeared in the early state。"Mandarin · Chu Langu" record，King Chu Zhao asked his father "Chongli Shi to make the heaven and the earth is not unreasonable"。Answer by watching the father，We know，The development of religion has undergone a transition from "the mix of the people of the people" and "the family is the history of the witch" to "Jedi Tiantong"，and this transformation is based on the "Jiuli bet365 Play online games Moral" as the background。History Book Records，Jiuli is a group of ethnic groups in ancient Chinese legends，From Dongyi Group，Hongshan Civilization and its social background of western Liaoning is consistent with this record。

Immigration from Hougang's immigration enters western Liaoning in the form of exclusive form，The continuous impact of Hongshan culture in Banpo and Xiyin system，Ethnic collision and cultural integration have always been the main theme of the development of Hongshan Culture。In this background，Hongshan people have developed from the material level to develop to spiritual identity，Not only reflects the wisdom of the ancients and the long history of the Chinese nation、Seeking the same、Symbolic national spirit pursuit，and created a different from the Yellow River、The Red Mountain Civilization Model of the Civilized Model of the Yangtze River Basin — "Jedi Tiantong"，The diversity of the origin of Chinese civilization。

　　(Author Unit: College of History of Liaoning University; Institute of Archaeological Research in Shanxi Province)