Several generations of archaeologists have confirmed that in the early process bet365 ohio promo code origin of Chinese civilization，There was a pluralistic era with "a sky full of stars"，Collision between civilizations in various regions due to confrontation，Communication due to collision，Integration due to communication，Ultimately, a pluralistic and integrated Chinese civilization centered on the Huaxia Group in the middle reaches bet365 ohio promo code Yellow River was formed。

■Dawenkou bet365 ohio promo code red pottery animal-shaped vessels，Now in Shandong Museum。 Author/photo provided

The Dongyi culture created by the Dongyi ancestors located in the lower reaches bet365 ohio promo code Yellow River is one bet365 ohio promo code important sources of Chinese civilization，Occupying a glorious page。Compared with other prehistoric cultures bet365 ohio promo code same period，Dongyi culture is one bet365 ohio promo code six prehistoric cultural areas，Not only has a long history，And the inheritance is orderly、Self-contained and highly developed。Because of my job，In-depth research on Dongyi culture，Not only vividly recounts the past，It also profoundly affects the present and the future；Not just for us，Also belongs to future generations。We want the cultural relics collected in the museum、Heritage displayed on the vast land、The words written in ancient books come alive，Enrich the historical and cultural nourishment bet365 ohio promo code whole society。

　　First encounter with Dongyi bet365 ohio promo code

The name "Dongyi" first appeared on the oracle bones of King Wu Ding of Shang Dynasty，There are only two films that directly mention the word "Dongyi" ("Collection" 8410)、《Collection》40550）。In recent years, two new oracle bone inscriptions have been discovered: "The foolish barbarians will lead the invasion bet365 ohio promo code Eastern Kingdom，Dongdian Donghou，Yifang" ("Jiyi" 690)、“The bet365 ohio promo code Fang attacked the Eastern Kingdom，Dian Donghou，Yifang" ("Jiyi" 689)。These two oracles clearly stated，“Yifang” is located in the eastern part bet365 ohio promo code Yin and Shang Dynasties，It also proves that the statement "The East is called Yi" in "Book of Rites·Kingdom" is not false。

From the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties，The foreign races outside the Central Plains are called "Southern Barbarians、Dongyi、Beidi、Xirong”。Later in history，Southern Barbarian、Xirong、There are differences in Beidi，Some are assimilated by the Chinese ethnic group，Some evolved into today’s ethnic minorities，Only Dongyi has been completely integrated and assimilated by the Chinese ethnic group during the Qin Dynasty。Even when Tai Shigong, who was knowledgeable and knowledgeable, was compiling "Historical Records"，It is also impossible to give a systematic explanation bet365 ohio promo code history of Dongyi，It was not until Fan Ye bet365 ohio promo code Liu Song Dynasty compiled the "Book bet365 ohio promo code Later Han" that he worked hard to compile the "Biography of Dongyi" based on the lost ancient book "The Year bet365 ohio promo code Bamboo Secretary"。

As early as the early 1930s，Some people in the field of history have begun to pay attention to Dongyi，such as Meng Wentong、Fu Sinian、Mr. Xu Xusheng and others。But limited to relevant historical data、Unclear，Some even contradict each other、Controversy，Although the scholars of this period worked very diligently，But the understanding of Dongyi bet365 ohio promo code is always in the fog。Obviously，It is not enough to study Dongyi based on the literature only，Therefore, archaeological research on physical remains is particularly important and urgent。

Influenced by Western archaeological trends，The first generation of archaeologists in China began to devote themselves to exploring the origin of Chinese civilization。The country had just opened at that time，The decadent Qing government had no time to study the origins of bet365 ohio promo code，The Western archaeological community even asserts that "China has no prehistoric bet365 ohio promo code"，The ancient Eastern civilization is at best a variant or remnant of Western civilization，So Anderson’s Yangshao bet365 ohio promo code “speaking from the west” followed the trend。

Although many domestic scholars disagree，But I completely deny this，But it comes from the discovery bet365 ohio promo code Chengziya site in Zhangqiu in 1928。This is an archaeological culture characterized by polished black pottery，Completely different from the painted pottery culture previously discovered by Anshi。This discovery provides conclusive evidence for the theory bet365 ohio promo code local origin of Chinese civilization，Paves an important cornerstone for the development of Chinese archeology, especially prehistoric archeology。Li Jizeng commented objectively and passionately: "Excavated from this site，We not only found a new clue for the discussion bet365 ohio promo code original issues of Chinese culture，The work of field archeology has thus gained a track to follow。Compared with the results of Yinxu，Though Chengziya’s is relatively simple，But equally important。”

　　Create bet365 ohio promo code sequence

May 1959，Migrant workers dug out some pottery fragments and scattered relics from the Ningyang section bet365 ohio promo code Jinpu Highway double-tracking project，It was subsequently excavated by the Shandong Provincial Cultural Administration Office and the Jinan Municipal Museum，A total of 133 prehistoric tombs cleared。The site was later confirmed to be Dawenkou Culture，About 6000-4500 years ago。The early sites are mainly distributed in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu，The painted pottery craftsmanship at this time has reached a very high level，And the stone adze、The stone ax has been formed and used，Social wealth has increased significantly，And the gap between rich and poor appears。To the middle period of Dawenkou Culture，Settlement ruins have spread throughout the Haidai area，To the late Dawenkou Culture，Has reached the peak of Haidai prehistoric civilization。

April 1964，The Institute of Archeology bet365 ohio promo code Chinese Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Archeology bet365 ohio promo code Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) discovered the "Beixin Culture" during the investigation bet365 ohio promo code Beixin Site in Tengzhou City，Dated by carbon 14 to around 7300-6300 years ago，Mainly concentrated in central and southern Shandong、Northern Shandong and Jiaodong Peninsula。The agricultural economy at this time is prosperous and stable，Residents live a stable and long-lasting life，The formation of a mainly agricultural industry，Animal husbandry、A lifestyle supplemented by gathering, fishing and hunting，Clan members also form a family、Relationships between multiple social organizations such as family and clan。

It is worth mentioning，Although relics bet365 ohio promo code Yue Shi Culture were also found during the excavation bet365 ohio promo code Chengziya site，But it was limited by the excavation technology at that time，And lack of data for comparison，At that time, these relics were not distinguished from Longshan culture。Known so far，Yueshi Cultural settlement sites are spread throughout Shandong Province and Xuhai area。Yue Shi Period，Society has undergone tremendous changes，Showing decline compared to before、Signs of falling behind，Reduction in common cooking utensils such as pottery and pottery tripods，Wine vessel (tall cup、牉、嶶, etc.) and jade ax、The jade sword disappears，The settlements are thin and the number is reduced。Fang Hui proposed based on the progress made in environmental archeology in recent years，The temperature dropped around 4000-3500 years ago，It is the main reason for the decline of Haidai civilization from the late Longshan Culture to the Yueshi Culture period。

1990，Archaeologists discovered the Houli culture that preceded the Beixin culture，About 8400-7700 years ago，Mainly distributed in the piedmont plain area at the northern foot bet365 ohio promo code Taiyi Mountains。2006，I was surprised to find ground stone tools and pottery dating back around 10,000 years ago in Bianbian Cave in Yiyuan。To this point，The archaeological community has basically constructed the Bianbiandong Houli-Beixin-Dawenkou-Longshan-Yueshi Culture，That is, the sequence of cultural development in the Haidai region from prehistory from 8000 BC to 1400 BC to the early Bronze Age。The Dongyi Cultural District has therefore become the clearest development context of Chinese civilization、The most complete cultural genealogy、The area with the most stable basic cultural outlook。

■Longshan bet365 ohio promo code Eggshell Cup，Now in Weifang Museum。Author/photo provided

　　bet365 ohio promo code communication and integration

With the oracle bones、The emergence of unearthed documents such as bronze inscriptions and bamboo slips，Added support from classics，The appearance of Dongyi during the Shang and Zhou dynasties was clearer and richer than before history。Due to geographical proximity，Cultural exchanges between the Haidai region and the Central Plains region have always been close，The cultural aspects bet365 ohio promo code two are inextricably linked。Zou Heng、Li Boqian and others started making pottery、Zhiyu、Inlay、ramming、divination、dog animal、Text and other aspects，Discusses the influence of Dongyi civilization on Central Plains civilization，And its thoughts and ideologies、What preparations have been made in the social system for the birth of Chinese civilization。

After the Yin and Zhou Ding reforms，In view bet365 ohio promo code close relationship between the Dongyi tribes and the Shang royal family，Duke Zhou once launched a large-scale eastward expedition to quell Wu Geng’s rebellion，Destroyed many small Dongyi countries，Not only "Yi Zhou Shu·Zuo Luo Jie" has detailed records，And confirmed by a large number of inscriptions。Ru Xiaochen Shanzhi ("Integration" 06512)、Dabao Gui ("Integration" 04140)、ding ("Integration" 02739)、Qingui ("Integration" 04041)、甔tribulation Gui ("Integration" 05977) and other utensils。Later, a state was established，Divided Zhou Gong into Lu，Tai Gong looks forward to Qi。The state of Lu only respects Zhou etiquette，Practice "change their customs" to the barbarians，Ge Qili”，Qi State treated the Yi people "because of their customs"，Jian Qili”。To this point，The Haidai area enters the Qilu Civilization period，Opened a gorgeous chapter for the great country bet365 ohio promo code East。

But in remote areas，A country that still retains some barbarians，The larger one is like Tan、Ju、Lai et al，Even so，These small states are all influenced by Zhou culture without exception。For example, the two tombs of Ju Gong from the Spring and Autumn Period discovered in Junan Dadian in 1975，No matter in the shape bet365 ohio promo code tomb、Funeral objects，Even the writing style is the same as that of Zhou people。Ju Shu Zhongzi Zhong Ming "Yangyang Yongyong，heard in Xia Dong”，It also shows the recognition and yearning bet365 ohio promo code Yi people in the Spring and Autumn Period to integrate with the Chinese ethnic groups in the Central Plains。

Of course，After all, the Dongyi ethnic group was once famous in history，It is impossible to disappear all at once，To "Qin merged with the Six Kingdoms，The Huai and Si barbarians are all scattered as civilian households" ("Book bet365 ohio promo code Later Han·Dongyi Biography")，Has been completely assimilated into the Chinese ethnic group，Some people may have taken advantage bet365 ohio promo code chaos in the world at the end of Qin，Escape to the east of Liaodong Peninsula、Northern Korean Peninsula，Form the so-called overseas Dongyi。Emperor Wu bet365 ohio promo code Han Dynasty destroyed North Korea and established four counties (Lelang、Lintun、Xuan Tu、True episode)，The Han Dynasty achieved direct control over overseas Dongyi，This move has far-reaching political significance。

In the ancient classics with Confucianism as the orthodoxy，Although there are sporadic records of Dongyi，But still mixed with a lot of contempt、Derogatory content，Such as "The barbarians and the Di have kings，I don’t know the death of Zhu Xia”，"Barbarian and Cunning Summer，The disaster of Zhou Dynasty”，"Barbarian Rongdi，Bu Shi Wang Ming，Lawful and destructive，The king ordered to attack him"，etc.。Due to the long-term existence bet365 ohio promo code view of "respecting the Hawaiians"，And many historical illusions caused by it，It limits people’s horizons in studying Dongyi culture。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized many times: Cultural self-confidence is "more basic、Wider、Deeper confidence”，is "more basic、Deeper、More lasting power”，“China has firm confidence in its path、Theoretical confidence、System confidence，The essence is cultural confidence based on more than 5,000 years of civilization inheritance"。In recent years，The party and the country have attached unprecedented importance to the protection of historical cultural relics，We firmly believe that the study of Dongyi bet365 ohio promo code will also usher in a new world of development。

　(This article is a phased result bet365 ohio promo code major social science project of Shandong Province "Constructing a Comprehensive Research on the Discipline System of 'Dongyi Studies'" (17AWTJ03)

(Author’s unit: Institute of History, Shandong Academy of bet365 ohio promo code Sciences)