Dongyi refers to the pre -historical period living today in Shandong and northern Jiangsu、northern Anhui、indigenous residents in eastern Henan。They are centered on Taiyi Mountains，and then spread to the whole territory of Shandong and its neighboring areas。Before archeological occurrence，The world knows very poorly about it，and entanglement with myths and legends。The site of Chengziya in the 1930s was discovered，Black pottery as the main site、Different cultural characteristics of Yangshao culture aroused the attention of academic circles，The prelude to the prehistoric archeology of Dongyi History in the Haiyu area。With the development of traditional archeology to modern archeology，Archaeological science is beyond strata science and pottery type，Not only must it be with history、Nationalology、Association of sociology，Also with physics、Chemistry、Biology、Statistics、Earth Science、Agricultural and Medicine disciplines combined，This multidisciplinary attribute makes modern archeology different from traditional archeology。Where，The application of modern technology provides important assistance for the development of archeology，It is conducive to showing the true appearance of Dongyi。

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Appraisal of Dongyi bone，Starting earlier。The 1930s，Li Ji studied the human bones unearthed from the site of Zhangqiuchengziya in Shandong，However, the number of people found at the time was relatively small。time to this day，Dongyi Archeology has found more than 1,000 seats with bones，Main researchers are Han Kangxin、Changxingzhao、Zhu Hong、Luan Fengshi and others，The selected human bone materials mainly come from Tai'an Da Wenkou、Qufu Xixia Hou、Zhucheng Chengzi、Yanzhou Westwu Temple、Jining Pan Temple and other places。

Han Kangxin, Institute of Archeology, Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Bet365 app download Academy of Social Sciences, and others through the Pass of Tai'an Da Wenkou、Research on human bones in Zhucheng Chengzi，Dongyi that believes that Shandong and its neighbors belong to East Asian Mongolian races，indigenous residents who have lived in Shandong for a long time are the same race，It has continuity in physical fitness，There Bet365 lotto review is no replacement of human types。Jilin University Frontier Archaeological Research Center Zhu Hong based on the test results of the cultural legacy of Dawenkou from the tomb of Lunan and northern Jiangsu，Basically, the same conclusion is obtained，It is believed that the cultural residents of Dawenkou are closer to the types of Mongolian and East Asia in Mongolia.，closer to East Asia Mongolian races。During the pre -historical period, Dongyi belongs to Mongolian race in terms of physical characteristics，Zhu Hong further takes Shandong、The human bone unearthed from the Neolithic Times site in Henan and other places is named "Ancient and Central Plains Types"，Reflected the characteristics of the two races of the two。

but but，Since the late Neolithic era，Mixed phenomena of different constitutional factors in the same site，This is related to the communication fusion brought by the migration of different people at that time and mixed blood。Japanese Bird University Okazaki Kenji and Shandong University History and Culture School of History and Culture, Luan Fengshi, Performance of Humanic Cultivation of Beiwenkou Cultural Site of Jimo District，It reveals that the ethnic group in the middle of the nine -year -old neolithic era has a high loss of dental suffering and severe wear.。This phenomenon may be with tooth extraction、The custom of cheeks has a certain relationship，But the most important reason was the harsh chewing environment at that time。Song Xianjie, Oriental Archeology Research Center of Shandong University、Yu Shiyong analyzed the nine typical cemetery of Dawenkou culture，I believe that the average death age at that time was not more than 35 years old，70%of the residents did not live to the age，The cause of death is not war but fatigue and disease。This shows that after the emergence of farming and farming，At that time, the tooth chew environment and life cycle of residents did not extend accordingly。

Dongyi's metallurgical and attacking jade industry 

One of the important achievements of the century -old archeology of the Haiyu area，In the establishment of the post -Li culture、Beixin Culture、Dawenkou Culture、Shandong Longshan Culture、Yue Shi Culture This continuous development of cultural spectrum，Divided belonging to the Neolithic Age、Copper stone and use the era and early bronze era，Time continues for more than 4,000 years。

Shandong Longshan Culture period belongs to copper stone and uses the times，Yue Shi culture, which bet365 live casino games is generally comparable to the culture of Erlitou, Central Plains, has entered the early bronze era。The site of Yue Shi Culture has found more than 300 places to date，But most of them have not been formally excavated。According to Xu Ji statistics from the School of History and Culture of Shandong University，The weapon currently discovered、Tools、accessories、Miscellaneous and other small utensils have more than 20 pieces，Including lead bronze、tin bronze and pure copper，Most of the bronze products，Lead copper alloy products belong to advanced bronze。"Dongyi" bronze heavy ware was found in the Haiyu area，There are Ding、Ge、鬲，It is considered to belong to Yue Shi culture，Due to these bronze，Lack of clear strata relationship，Can't confirm whether it belongs to Yueshi culture bronze products。According to Sun Shuyun and others from Beijing University of Science and Technology，Pingdu in Qingdao, Shandong、Yantai Fushan、Wulianchanggou and other places exist in copper, zinc, zinc zinc lead symbiotic ore，BOC can be generated through the original smelting，Dongyi people consciously select the malachite，Get red copper and bronze after smelting。

Dongyi's jade manufacturing level is not as good as Liangzhu people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Hongshan people in the Xiliao River Basin，It is not even as good as Shi Ji people who play the role of jade traders。China's jade manufacturing has 8000 years of history，Hou Li Culture in the Haiyu area、Beixin cultural strata have been unearthed in jade，The number of jade articles in the cultural period of Dawenkou increased significantly。There are more than 500 Dawenkou cultural sites currently discovered，In Wang Yin、Liu Lin、Flower Hall and other sites found jade，Especially the flower hall site of Xinyi, Jiangsu Xinyi unearthed with many jade wares，Two excavations in the 1980s, 581 jade articles were unearthed (group)。The site of the Longshan Cultural period has been found more than 1,000 places，In Yangjia circle、West Zhu Feng、Two towns and other sites have jade discovery。As early as 1945，Li Ji uses the knowledge of the local mine to observe and measure the jade ax unearthed from the two towns of Rizhao, Shandong，and a large amount of jade research began in the 1970s。Dongyi Jade Study is more sufficient to be more sufficient is the Zhufeng Longshan Cultural Jade of Zhufeng West, Shandong，Du Jinpeng team of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Bet365 app download Academy of Social Sciences used a portable Raman spectrometer to test the Western Zhufeng Longshan Cultural Jade，Results show that most of these jade articles belong to the shocking stone，There are also snake patterns and other quartz rock materials。The source of its jade material is more complicated，Snake pattern ore was found in the neighboring area of ​​the Western Zhufenglong Mountain Cultural Site，But no flashing stone jade mine has been found at present。Despite this，It still cannot be ruled out that some boutique jade is processed and produced locally。Jade manufacturing at that time had achieved specialized production，Specialized manufacturing level is higher，The Haiyu area is located between Liangzhu Culture and Hongshan Culture with a developed jade industry，A technical communication should be existing between the jade manufacturing industry and the North and South regions。

Look at Dongyi Shengye Economy from the Climate and Environment 

The climate in the Dongyi Life Area during the prehistoric period is warmer and moist than today，According to Jin Guiyun and others at the Institute of Cultural Heritage of Shandong University，At that time, the broad -leaved forest mainly focused on the genus belonging and the coniferous trees dominated by pine，Hawthorn distributed under the forest、Grapes and other wild shrubs。Due to warm and humid climate，The distribution area of ​​rice that has been planted from Beixin Culture is continuously expanded，Although the two towns in Rizhao in Shandong、Yantai Zhaogizhuang、茌、Jiaozhou Zhaojiazhuang and Zou Ping Ding Gonglongshan cultural site found the planting traces of rice，But rice has not replaced Su to become the most important food crops。On the planting of food crops，Dongyi and Huaxia Group are consistent，The plant seeds discovered are mainly millet、黍、rice、Soybean and wheat。The business method of the northern drought agriculture，Make millet the most common grain crop for planting。but but，rice is not exclusive to the southern ancestors，There is also a certain amount of rice planting in the north，Even in the Yueshi Cultural period where the climate deteriorates，I still found 11 sites for planting rice。It is worth noting that，Different rice planting area with smaller rice culture，In the first phase of the Erlitou Culture in the Central Plains region, the proportion of rice accounts for 83.2%。This kind of "accident" for bet365 live casino games the Erlitou site，Zhao Zhijun、Liu Ye believes that it is related to the abnormal planting of the Erlitou site，It may also be related to the Tugong system at that time，It just reflects the food consumption of the capital where the capital is located。

In the development process of Dongyi culture，Some researchers believe that there is a period of civilization in the period of the Yue Shi cultural period，And attribute its cause to the climate change。According to research by the School of Tourism and Environment of Tourism and Environment of Shaanxi Normal University，The climate change in the new period of the new world is relatively large，In the absolute age of 11500 to 8500，The climate begins to warm; absolutely 8500 to 3100，It is the new world warm and humid period; the late period is absolutely 3100 years later，Three cold incidents in the big warmth period。The new period of the new world corresponds to Li Culture after the corresponding period, respectively、Beixin Culture、Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture，Among them, the first two cold incidents have less role in the development of culture，The climate of 4000 years from this time becomes cold、A large amount of wind sand makes the living environment of people in the Longshan period worsening significantly，Rice Agriculture is affected，Humanity contradictions are prominent，Longshan Culture is replaced by Yue Shi culture。

The research opinions of Shi Yafeng and others of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are different from the inference of the decline in the decline of the oriental civilization in the climate.，They are based on the new spore powder and other ancient plants、Anju、Ancient soil、Ancient Lake、Research materials such as changes in the coastline，It is believed that the time of the new period of the new world warmth in China is from 8500 to 3000 years，Last time is 5500 years，There are many climate fluctuations during the meter。From 7200 to 6000 to a stable warm and humid stage，Equivalent to the prosperity of Yangshao culture; 6000 to 5000 years from this time，Climate fluctuations violent，Affects cultural development; 5000 to 3000 years from this time，The climate has improved significantly，The number of cultural sites has increased; the climate has deteriorated again in 4000 years，Da floods appeared。

Shi Yafeng and other scholars do not deny the deterioration of climate that appeared 4000 years old，But I just think that this climate worsen is not global，Eastern region still belongs to the warm bet365 live casino games and humid period，The real reason for the end of Longshan Culture is the Da flood incident。This view is obviously more reasonable，The impact of climate mutations from 4000 years from this time on the Haiyu area，Mainly limited to the area north of Taiyi Mountain，The temperature decreases by about 3-5 ℃，Just the planting of some crops that like warm and humid environment is affected，It does not lead to the general decline of civilization in the Haiyu area。

The extensive features of pottery manufacturing during the cultural period of Yue Shi，It should not be regarded as a reflection of productivity recession，It is more likely to be the impact of bronze rituals。Luan Fengshi pointed out that Yue Shi culture has a significant increase in the social economy and productivity level of Yue Shi culture than its predecessor Longshan culture，The decline of individual departments of Yueshi Culture is closely related to the generation of new industries and people's Xi Shang。Yue Shi culture period is the same as the Longshan culture period，is an era of extensive construction of urban construction，and Yue Shi culture has lacks the discovery of the tomb of the king level，This is obviously abnormal。In the era of confrontation between Yixia，Dongyi to stop the Xia people in the area of ​​Kaifei County, Henan，or even political events of Houyi Summer，Its social mobilization ability should not be lower than the Xia Dynasty，and Yueshi Culture's Large Tomb remains to be newly discovered by archeologists，There is still no unexpected "encounter" between the two。

History Dongyi Cultural Period，Main breeding pigs、Dog、Cow、Sheep、horse、chicken and other animals，Pig and dog domestication earlier，It has been seen in Lai Li Culture，During the Dawenkou Culture period, the ox has appeared in the region of the Luzhong South region，Lubei of the Longshan Culture period also found that there are ox。Bull、Sheep、Chicken has not achieved family support in the Longshan era，Pigs and oxen in domestic animals are the main sources of meat，Fishing and hunting as an important supplement for meat food for a long time，and the proportion of Haisheng shellfish in the Jiaodong area is also more prominent in meat。According to Cai Dawei and others of the Archaeological Research Center of Jilin University, Cai Dawei and others，Sheep is introduced from Iran，The source of the family horses has both local domestication factors，There is also the influence of the influx of the gene Bet365 lotto review flow of foreign horses，This shows that there was more active communication activities between different ethnic groups at the time。

time to this day，Archaeological Division has become the purpose of humanities and social science research、Disciplines of related disciplines such as natural sciences and other related disciplines，The use of science and technology archeology has become an important ruler for measuring the level of archeology research。A combination of field archeology and technology archeology，The origin of the ethnic group that helps to restore Dongyi、Migration and communication between different ethnic groups，It provides a scientific basis for comprehensively understanding the formation and development of Dongyi civilization。Late Dawenkou Culture, which is about 5,000 years ago，Dongyi Society has been complicated，So，Use multidisciplinary means to promote the research of Dongyi Culture in depth，It is of great significance for the exploration of the origin of Chinese civilization。

(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture and Tourism of Liaocheng University、Director of Dongyi Cultural Research Base of the Chinese Pioneer History Society)