There are large differences in the space form of traditional Chinese and Western literature and art，In the shape of the space、layout method、aesthetic trend、Value functions and other aspects are different，Show different cultural character。Brief words，Character is human character、Personality。If it is used for literature and art，Generally refers to the quality and style of the work。The cultural character discussed here，The meaning after the comparison，It is also about to be regarded as a person in the sense of literature and art，Examine its cultural character and love style。The focus of this article is not to compare the quality of literary and artistic works and the style high，Instead, the overall investigation of the space form of traditional Chinese literature and art from the level of cultural characteristics and spiritual realm。

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Between the World of Life，Except for hoping to live in a poetic way，It is also full of impulse to explore unlimited space。As a limited life，People often try to achieve transcendence of unlimited space -time。This kind of grand wish is often manifested in the literary and fantasy literary structure，The poet artist satisfies the desire that is impossible in reality in a fictional way。In the artist’s aesthetic concept，The distance of time and space can be shortened or pulled out，It can even be placed in different time and space、group connection，Change the timing of timing and the extensive logic of space，or the current sequence upside down，or Xiaozhongna，or live with heaven and earth，or exchanges in different degrees of space，All these，。

In terms of transcendence of space，The ancient Chinese showed extraordinary ideological wisdom and theoretical courage。On the one hand，The ancients used the way of imagination，The space distance between people and heaven is closer。In the early mythology，Between the heavens and the earth is the same，There is a pillar connection in the middle，People on the ground can climb the bet365 best casino games sky through Tianzhu，Go with God，God can also go down the Tianzhu to the world。After the Jedi Tiantong，The connection between heaven and earth is interrupted，Only a few talents are qualified and the ability to go to the world。At the same time，The ancients imagined the universe world as a house，Tianxiang Line，Cover above the earth，Just like the roof (Yu) shrouded the room base。To seek further stability，The ancients also used various artistic means to make their cognitive imagination of the universe of heaven and earth，such as architecture、Tomb、Gifts、Figures、Poetry, etc.，"Small Universe" corresponding to the large universe。This way of imagining heaven and earth gradually evolved into an important theme of later narrative literature，In Zhixi、Legend、Opera、Wide existence in the novel。Especially in the Ming and Qing Demon novels such as "Journey to the West"，The imagination about the space of the universe world and the hope beyond infinite time and space is entangled，It constitutes an important ideological and cultural context of the narrative of novels，At the same time, it is also a strong motivation to promote the plot of the novel。

On the other hand，Chinese early thinkers reflected and abstracted space in the theoretical way，Integrate its understanding and understanding of space into the cosmic theory、Taoism、Gua Xiang Theory、Yin Yang Five Elements Theory and other ideological frameworks。Where，The Taoist Space view of Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi shows prominent ideological originality and theoretical radiation，Later literature and art, especially poetry、Painting、Garden, etc. has a profound impact。Lao Tzu uses car spoke、device、Household、Cup and other daily utensils to explain the importance of void，and compare the world's universe as "橐籥"。Lao Tzu said: "Between heaven and earth，Its still! "(" Tao Te Ching · Chapter 5 ") In Lao Tzu's concept，The universe is like a large box，or a large leather pocket without bottom，All things in the world are in this open space。This metaphorical thinking takes the vast universal universe to be heard to see the daily utensils bet365 live casino games that can be triggered，will be transformed infinitely to limited。Lao Tzu's way of transcending space is similar to the application -oriented space view。At the same time，Lao Tzu also proposed: "Da Yue passes，Passing away，Yuan Yue Return。"" ("Tao Te Ching · Chapter 25") Tao is not only unlimited，Extension forward，In the end, I still have to return to the place where this root is returned。Lao Tzu push from limited to unlimited，also from infinite return limited。This is different from the unlimited theory of the ancient Greek space in the West。Zhuangzi also understands space from unlimited vision，His perspective of setting up Dapeng to overlook the heaven and earth，Eliminate the differences between all things，At the same time through the relative nature of space，Constantly advance space to the size of the size，Finally jump out of this kind of obsession to the infinite space，Realize the space transcendence in a way of swimming。

The space view of Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi has a direct and profound impact on the space form of later literature and art，Mainly manifested in poetry、landscape painting、Garden and other aesthetic realm creation aspects。For example，Nature in poems、Social space depiction，"Three Far Farm" in landscape paintings such as "with big views" and other space expressions，"" Shin the Sky "in the garden，All are closely related to the space view of Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi。

Imprey in the space in the space 

Different from the West Exploring the View of the True Space，Chinese ancients are more inclined to start from people's reality to perceive the space and earth space of the universe。Both are to seek order in chaos，But the starting point and method are different。West is the first to explore out，Get common、Eternal、Abstract "Form"，Based on this to formulate social order。In ancient China, I first asked what kind of order it was needed，Looking out of the basis of the universe world。In this sense,，Western space view is people in the sky，In ancient China, it was the heavenly people。

Western space view is based on the premise of the main and guests.，It develops from ontology to epistemology，Dump transition to practice theory，Space bet365 live casino games has always been used as an objective problem for scientific verification。Although in the post -modern space steering，The relationship between space and human existence is strengthened，But it has not changed the two scores of the main and guests and the objective thinking method brought by it。At the beginning of the ancient Chinese people, from the real situation and existence of people to explore the universe of heaven and earth，They do not think about space issues in a good way to "ask" by "asking" (including time and other related issues)。This makes the ancient Chinese more willing to explore the sky with a kind of affinity，and imagine the original mysterious universe world in accordance with your own residence and the familiar ground order。There are kings on the ground and Fang Guo，There are also central and fourth houses。Except heaven，Also underground，Its spatial order also imagines and constructs in accordance with the political system on the ground。"Book of Rites · The Golden Mean" has a saying: "To neutral，Heaven and Earth，Everything is educating。"Starting from Yin Shang，The ancients formed the political orientation view of "Sifang Guard"。"Zhouyi · Fairy" said: "Heaven and earth are humble，Qiankun Dingyu。Enemary with Chen，your cheap position。""，The dual dimension of the two -dimensional dimension in China in the early horizontal plane and vertical three -dimensional constructing space order，Form a penetration of the sky、On the ground、Underground composite space system，Its purpose is to make everything in all parts of all things，Give full play to their respective responsibilities and functions。

The above -mentioned heavenly earth is humble、Gao Xia Xiang Cong、The spatial pattern of the middle side arch guard，provides strong ideological support for ancient king politics。This view of space has also become an important content of ancient ideology，and penetrate into the forms of literary art。For example，Paintings、Main relationship layout in landscape painting，The overall arrangement of ceremonial buildings，The physical movement of people in important etiquette、Chao orientation、Bet365 lotto review Placement of utensils, etc.，All must consider the main and secondary、Honor Hei、Ethical relations such as expensive and low。Not only that，This ethical space view is still permeated in the space narrative of the novel。For example，"Journey to the West" In addition，It also revealed the god Buddha、Mortal、Demons must adhere to the subconsciousness，Anyone who wants to get away from your own ability，All will be severely punished。Another example，"Dream of Red Mansions" by depicting the overall layout of the building community in Jiafu and Grand View Garden，and related provincial relatives、Celebration、festival、Yaji、Park、Marriage、narrative of life scenes such as mourning，Constructing a real and sensible world lover space。There are two types of ethical space presented by women as the image carrier in the novel: First, the ethical space of the monarch and minister centered on Jia Yuanchun，Second, the ethical space centered on Jia mother。The spatial ethics of the former above and below the inferiority，The latter takes the time -based ethics of long and young。

Pay attention to the complexity of virtual and reality 

Ancient China not only focused on the "real" of the space that could be heard，At the same time for intangible、The invisible "Void" also attaches great importance to。But the "Void" here is not an absolute sense of "empty"。According to the early Chinese cosmic theory、Taoism and Yixue Thought，"Void" is full of vitality of heaven and earth，Is a big life field with an angry current，It contains more than a period of flow、The inexhaustible vitality is also used for unsuccessful changes。

In Lao Tzu，Tao is both infinite，Also the void。Heshang Gong said: "Empty deficiency between heaven and earth，Frequently popular，Therefore everything is self -born。""，Tao is also invisible，"Tao Te Ching · Chapter 14" Cloud: "See you without seeing it，Name ‘Yi’。Listen to，called ‘Xi’。Bad is not allowed，name ‘Wei’ ... It ’s the same，None image，Is the 惚 恍。"" Tao Te Ching · Chapter 41 "Cloud:，Elephant intangible。"" "Things"，There is "Elephant" in it，It can be seen that the Tao is not an absolute Bet365 app download void。But the "elephant" here is not visible，It surpasses all sensory，Only the heart of the body can be captured。

Zhuangzi reflects the understanding of the invisible "elephant" with the "Xiangyou".。"Xiangyou" can get the way，Because it puts aside this visible spatial 桎梏，Time pulses to touch the avenue。The so -called "罔"，The meaning of "none" and "no"。"Elephant" and "罔"，is "Nothing"，But "Nothing" is not completely "elephant"，but beyond the specific tangible image。This is very important。Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi, a pictimous thinking and theory based on void thinking, directly opened the thinking about "outer" in later literary aesthetics，It has a very important impact on the generation of the context category。As far as the specific types of traditional literature and art，The characteristics of this kind of volatilization are concentrated in poetry、Painting、Calligraphy、Opera、Novel、Garden and other space forms，Especially the most prominent landscape painting。

Chinese painting, especially landscape painting, to show，Is a complete、Life ontology with unlimited creation。The painter wants to "use a pipe with one tube，Body of Puwa "(Wang Wei's" Syrian Painting ")，It must be kung fu on the word "virtual"。As French Sinologist Cheng Hao said: "Through the virtual，People can become the standards or mirrors of their own and the world，Because people have deficiency and identification with Yuan Xu，He is at the source of the image and shape。The rhythmic rhythm of his capture space and time; he master the law of transformation。"(" Research on Chinese Poetry and Painting Language ") can be seen，"Virtual" is not only the specific application of a certain psychological function，And the natural morality that the universe of heaven and earth，It promotes the transformation of time and space。"In painting，The virtuality is displayed in the most visible and most comprehensive way ... The virtual is not an indifferent existence，It flows inside it is a breath that connects the visible world and a invisible world。More，Inside the visible world (there is a space of painting)，For example, between the mountains and water bet365 best casino games that constitutes its poles，Still flowing from the cloud that is reproduced by the cloud。"" ("Research on Chinese Poetry and Painting Language")

Different light and shadow illusion with Western painting resort，Ancient Chinese painting presents an inner、Plateral "True"。It is not an objective、visible "real" performance，It is not dependent on the visible "fantasy" to display，Instead, it is presented with the use of invisible "virtual"。In ancient Chinese painting，"Virtual" and "Real" develop each other，No "Virtual"，"Real" will become a dead body; no "real"，"Virtual" has nothing to attach，Can't present it，It has become meaningless abstract concept。In art，"Real" is the existing shape，"Virtual" is an unshakable anger、momentum、Potential。Wang Fu said: "There are tangible hairless，Invisible King。"(" Payhan Quanshu · Ancient Poetry Selection "Volume 2)" Tactile "is real、visible part，"Unfurse" is virtual、Une visible part。Through visible "tangible", the invisible "unsatisfactory" section，is a dialectical method for traditional literary and artistic space。

(The author is a professor at the Contemporary Faculty of Literature and Art Research Center of Jiangxi Normal University)