From "Three Talent" to "Sanyi Say"

From the perspective of historical development，There are very few sets of agricultural technical measures for the Central Dynasty to promote，But different periods、How to cultivate in different regions，There is similar technical connotation，Extruded the technical system for farming，This farming technology has relative stability in a certain historical period，That is "farming system"。Many agricultural historians are based on such a historical basis，From the perspective of modern farming studies, the evolution of ancient Chinese farming systems。

Agriculture breed in farming society、Agricultural ideas guide the development of agricultural production to a certain extent。Yang Zhimin thinks，Because human intervention naturally has a development process from low to high，Because human intervention naturally has a development process from low to high。Human understanding of land farming is inseparable from the understanding of nature，Human understanding of nature has experienced changes from "naturalization of nature" to "humanization nature"，The attitude towards Dili also experienced the process of "objective natural recovery" to "subjective human transformation"。

Traditional Confucianism of Awe of Nature，It is the reflection of the early admission to nature。People can only passively understand nature，It is performed in agricultural activities as a simple agricultural production，Can't play too much energy。On the one hand，Faculty has no way to face the land that has gradually become barren due to many years of farming，Can only abandon the land that decreases land，Go to reclaim new land。On the other hand，It was also inseparable from the productivity status at that time。Western Zhou Dynasty，The use of agricultural tools still stays in wooden、Shi Ji and other stages，The ability to transform nature is bet365 live casino games low，It can only rely on the self -recovery of nature。This kind of agricultural production idea that rely on naturally recovered is an extensive agricultural idea，It is a simple idea of ​​agricultural production from prehistoric to the Western Zhou Dynasty。

When people have a new understanding of ground power and further improvement of agricultural production tools，Start artificially intervene in agricultural production。The Western Zhou Dynasty was an important period for agriculture to transform from rigid cultivation to precise cultivation，Several important agricultural ideas that have been generated later even affect the entire ancient Chinese agricultural production。

"Three Talent" is the earlier agricultural production idea，Ancient books in the Spring and Autumn Period have been mentioned。The so -called "three talents" means "sky、Di、People "，Among them, the subjective initiative of "people" highlights，But the necessary conditions are still emphasizing the replacement of Tianshi and Farmers according to the season's change、The changes in the phenomenon to arrange agricultural activities，Take corresponding measures according to the geographical environment and waiting，Heaven and Earth is the condition that crops depend on life and raising，Coordinate the relationship between crops and environment from people，Adactions to local conditions、Adapt to time due to time，This theory is the basis of many agricultural ideas that later elaborate。

"Sanyi Say" is extended from "Three Talent"，Instantimonial、Di Yi、宜，Adactions to the current condition、Based on local conditions, increased it.，Emphasizing the importance of focusing on individual differences，Provides the basis for the technical measures for refined cultivation of different types of crops。For example, "Earthquake Changzhuang Theory" was formed in the Song Dynasty，Is an important doctrine about soil fertility，It mainly believes that fertilizers can improve the soil，Maintain and improve soil fertility，Keep geographical constant new。This doctrine has made important contributions to ancient Chinese soil fertility，further promoted the use of land，Make the development of the land farming system more reasonable。Other such as "Five Elements", "Turkish theory", etc.，All are important agricultural ideas with the characteristics of the times，It affects the evolution of the farming system。

The content of the cultivation system contains the content of the concept can be divided into two parts，Part of it is through the crop and the environment、Study on the relationship between crops and crops，Determine the design of crop planting; the other part is a technical system corresponding to this planting system。On this basis, sort out the ancient farming system，You can learn from today's soil、Cultivation and other bet365 best casino games disciplines to summarize。

　　From "to the ground for food" to "Earth is in people"

The prehistoric to the Western Zhou Dynasty mainly uses an extensive farming system。Liu Yanhao、Mu Guoping in the "China Farming System"，Divide the cultivation system of prehistoric society into a deserted cultivation system and leisure farming system。Guo Wentao is further classified as an easy -going wasteland system in the "History of the History of China"，Several years of planting、Wheel shortage of wasteland for several years，Short -term and regular wheel shortage system。Most of the stone agricultural tools were used during the period of the deserted system，Use burning trees to recover the land，The so -called "sword farming type"。Easy to place every year，As a result, residents have strong liquidity。Several years of planting、A few years of wasteing, although there are also liquidity，But there have been some factors that promote settlement。Short -term and periodic wheel shortlisted systems are the transition phase of the wasteland to the ripe system。In the ancient books of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are "field，One year old said 菑，Two -year -old Yin Tian，Three -year -old Yue Yue "record，Three stages of being reclaimed at that time，It is a cultivated land that has passed by waste、The process of re -cultivation and reclamation of resurgence。"Tianlai System" is the further development after "Xingxinxin"，Tian is already arable land，Lai is a wasteland，Forms a planned regular rotation。These two are the state of leisure farming，That is to break without farming，There is a large difference between the "rotation system" and the subsequent "rotation system"。This stage is "the stage of asking food to the ground"，Grain production depends on the will of "Tian"，Human intervention in agricultural growth is weak。Fire plowing and coupling is the main form of farming in this period of rotation.，Burning fields with fires when fire farming，Coupling is one person to farm and one person，How to cooperate with plowing，It is the early soil farming method。

The cultivation system of the wheel shortage during the Warring States Period，Starting the system of re -type re -type。What needs to be pointed out is，There are obvious differences in the cultivation system of the North and South in the North and South during this period，There are still a large number of systems of farming in the south。A transition from human cultivation to animal cultivation，Cow is the main livestock who replace manpower，Iron farm tools gradually popularize，Method of the iron plow cattle plowing，This is an important way to affect China's entire traditional agriculture。Deep cultivation and timely farming、The method of farming is gradually popularized。The Morning bet365 live casino games Method has developed into a relatively complete system。

To the Han Dynasty，Land continuous system system has been set，But the cultivation method of north and south still has a large gap。The large area of ​​the north has promoted the "Dai Tian Law" and "Zone Tian Law"，Daitian method is a combination of low work and high work，Usually implement low work for spring，High work is implemented in summer; the field method is to deeply cultivate the fields in the "district"，Not only is it conducive to the use of water storage and soil water use，and help protect the soil and fertilizer。In the south，撂 is still the mainstream。

Wei Jin period，Repeated cultivation system has two obvious improvements，On the one hand, the cultivation of double -season rice is very common，On the other hand, the start of the relics of food and fertilizer。other，Regenerative rice also has a text record during this period。"Qi Min Yao Shu" summarizes the experience of mixed work，Set the method also began to sprout。Soil management，The north mainly adopts the drought -proof techniques of plowing rake trinity。The Northern and Southern Dynasties，Between、Preliminary development，Created Lin、Methods of food，A large step forward the cultivation technology centered on drought -proof and protecting the north，The theory and technology of soil cultivation in northern dry land in the north。

Sui and Tang Dynasties，The rapid development of farming in the south，Some areas have not only popularized two years of maturity for a year，Even in some regions, three cooked a year。Two rice and wheat cooked system and rice cooked a year have been developed。The rapid development of waterfield farming technology，Pay attention to spring plowing and autumn plow，Emphasize Yangtian to be cultivated repeatedly，Dansing soil，Combining soil fertilizer。In wheat planting，It also advocates multiple fertilizers。

In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were early rice and beans、Mai、Vegetable wheels，Ma、Maihe Cai Cai is cooked a year，Guzi、Sesame、Soy and wheat rotation for one year's cooked rotation，Summarizing the experience of using natural forces such as "freezing melting" and "exposure" to loose soil。In the north，Summarized "Autumn Federation，Spring plowing is supplemented "" Autumn Geng Gengye Early，Spring Gebon Should Late "new experience，and created the inner and outer set of three districts。In the south，The entire land drainage technology of the development of rice and wheat cooked fields，Inheritance and developing the soil farming technology of winter idle fields，Created a new method for the cultivation of muddy field soil，Comprehensively and systematically summarized the soil farming technology of wasteland。

The Yuan Dynasty solved the drainage problem of the southern rice wheel work，Summary and advocate bet365 Play online games the district field and seeding method。Northern also developed grain crops and green fertilizer crops.。In the Ming Dynasty's rotation relics and compact systems, it has been fully developed。The south has developed rice production as the center，Based on water and dry wheels as the foundation two -year cooked and three -year cooked system，The north has developed a two -year three -year three -year three -year three -year and two -year cooked system with grain cash crops。The rotation of grain crops and green fertilizers has also been developed，The middle of the northern development of Herbal is made of green fertilizer and repeated wheat、苜蓿 and buckwheat mixed work，Then rotate with Guzi。In the south，Mainly developing green fertilizer and rice，rice、Reproduction of cotton and green fertilizer。other，Between the intercity has also made great progress in the Ming Dynasty。Progress of Southern Waterfield farming technology，It is completed on the basis of deep cultivation of the water field cultivation requirements。The parenting method is an important creation in the Ming Dynasty soil farming。Select part of the land on the entire land，Human resources、The tilt investment of material resources，and rotate in installments year by year，to improve the soil and improve the ground force。

The rotation of the rotation of the Qing Dynasty and the inter -preparation system in the northern cooked area，Developed the theory and technology of rotation replacement。The relationship between the good or bad of the root tumor of the bean family and the apology of the crop，I already know clearly，Established in Dougu's rotation，Soya、The principle of non -planted millet。Continue to develop the food and fertilizer wheels for two years and three cooked systems、Cotton fertilizer wheels are repeated for one year and two cooked systems、Use barley and broad beans to make green field seedlings、Fat melon rotation, resumption, etc.。Metal compound species is more comprehensive and comprehensive，Grain Doujian is more colorful and colorful，Rich the theory of grain and milk rooms is richer。The development of soil farming technology in the southern water field，Mainly manifested as the rectification technology of the rice and wheat cooked fields is more complete，The cultivation technology of winter idle fields has improved，Summary of Wilder Rice Technology。other，"Outline of Zhimen" put forward basic tasks for soil farming，Say water、Fertilizer、Qi、Hot。

　　From wooden agricultural tools to iron agricultural tools

After the first point of view of Van Birron's first point of view of "technical decision theory"，The role of technological progress on social development is valued。The technical system is the use of human beings to conquer nature、means to meet material bet365 Play online games needs，Production tools are the fundamental of this system。It can be seen from the development of farming methods，Agricultural tools and other production technologies have an important impact on the farming system。

Iron agricultural tools are an important milestone in the development of agricultural civilization，Its production is the dividing line of China's original agriculture and ancient agricultural development，It is also an important turning symbol for the development of the deserted rotation system。Rich iron smelting resources and developed iron smelting industry bring our agriculture into the era of iron，Primitive agriculture represented by wood and stone agricultural tools，Thoroughly shift to traditional agriculture characterized by the general adoption of iron agricultural tools。will straight、Changye changed to Qu Yuan、Short -large，and install in the tower of the head of the head，This not only makes the plow frame smaller and lighter，And easy to turn and turn，Flexible operation，Save manpower and livestock。It is a sign of the mature farming tools in China，It is also an important foundation for laiding the southern water field agricultural system。Song Zhaolin said in "The Research on the Tang Dynasty"，The Tang Dynasty Quyi Piece summarizes、The excellent results of my country's cultivation since the Han and Wei Dynasties，There is also your own new creation and development，No matter the improvement of the plowing frame、The generation of Quyu，The emergence of plow plates and farming cables、Reform of the traction method，far exceeds the previous farming plows，This is the specific performance of the superiority of the Tang Dynasty Qu Yizi。

There are some important theories and technology，such as "green fertilizer technology" combines the "use" and "nourishing" of ancient land，Make the soil can be kept in use and the geographical power does not decrease。"Farming Raptors" technology is a major paddle -making method in agricultural production in northern dry land，Since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties matured，I've been in use so far。"Plowing" refers to cultivated land，"Rare" refers to plowing the land out of the ditch，"耱" is to grind the surface soil into powder。Use this method for farming，You can form a soft soil layer on the ground，Cut off the "capillaries" in the soil，Reduce water evaporation as much as possible，It plays a role in protecting drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and preventing drought and prevention。

From the extensive "land for the ground" that rely on the field of self -recovery to the field to study the "people -oriented"，China's agricultural development achievements under the influence of the traditional Chinese farming system。Gradually improved the ancient Chinese farming system，It is a bet365 live casino games traditional Chinese agricultural systemization、Important performance of maturity，It is an important symbol that is different from the farming culture of Chinese farming civilization in other parts of the world。Although today's development of agricultural science，More theoretical and methods of scientific experiments，But there is no outdated experience in traditional agronomy，Use natural fertilizer、Regular recreation and other methods to combine agricultural production with the improved ecological environment，promoted sustainable development。Rulong Dragon Terrace of Guangxi、Jiangsu Xinghua Duo Tian、Hebei Shexian Drought Terrace and other agricultural production systems，Dedicated as an important agricultural cultural heritage in China and the world，While becoming a valuable wealth of agricultural production in China and even the world，It also brings people a beautiful experience。

　　(The author is a doctoral student of the China Agricultural Civilization Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University)