Tower, Sanskrit, Pali，Transliteration as a watched woman、窣 窣、薮 薮 婆，Slightly translated as a Pharaoh、Dou Po、Floating Tu, etc.，The free translation is a high show、Gathering、Granolence、Grave、Tower Temple, etc.，The meaning of "top" and "pile soil"。The tower is soil、sand、wood、Stone、Brick、Building built by materials such as metal and other materials，Mainly to worship and place Buddhist relics、French Tibetan、Monk Bone and other things，There are also tower built to commemorate Buddha's life。Buddha era，I have a tower method，Shizun Zeng Zengju Ga Yeba。Xuanzang's "Datang Western Regions" record，After two elders heard Buddhism，Please Buddha、Claw support，Ask the salute。The Buddha Yizhifu is paved，Cover the bowl above，Poly tin stick on the bowl，Silent to build a tower method。"Rulai is stacked with Sangha，Times Yu Doro Monk，Shi Monki，Cover the bowl again，Vertical tin stick，If it is the second，is a blocked wave。"Buddha clothes symbolize tower base，Buddha bowl symbolizes tower body，The tin stick symbolizes the tower brake。The tower is a bowl -shaped tower，The first tower shape of the Buddha's era。

　　Bet365 lotto review Dunhuang is located on the throat on the Silk Road，Buddhist prosperity，Famous with the statue of opening the cave，But the tower is not inferior。Dunhuang said in the Han Dynasty.。Hangquan Hanshui records: "Little wine and thin music，Disciple Tan Tang, please。The month of the month，Seven Gates of Xiaofu Tu Lili west。"Buddhism in the Northern Wei Dynasty is more prosperous，"Wei Shu · Shi Lao Zhi" reads: "Dunhuang land connected to the West Greed，Taoism and Vulgar Get，Its old -fashioned village docking belongs，Most Tower Temple。"in the history of Buddhism，Impact is far -reaching、Two tower buildings with significant significance -the first year of Ayuwang Jianta and Emperor Sui Wenshou，Dunhuang all ranked among them。Ayuro Wang Jianta is the "Mahayana Temple Temple in Zhouzhou City" in Shazhou City，The Emperor Sui Wenjian Tower was built in Chongjiao Temple "Getting Tower of Chongjiao Temple in Guazhou"，Chongjiao Temple is in Mogao Grottoes。As a large -scale Buddhist site for thousands of years，Cave、Xiu Temple、Construction tower is endless，The tower is an important part of the building of Mogao Grottoes and the surrounding Buddhist sites。

More than 40 soil towers in Mogao Grottoes and surroundings，Most of them are made of adobe，Among them, there are 6 seats at the top of the cliff，Including a Buddhist temple (above the top 130)，1 Block of Tower Tower (above Cave 234)，There are 19 seats on both sides of the dangquan river in front of the cave，10 Tower Tower in the Cave，Chengcheng Bay 2 Block，Eight Tower of Laojun Church in Sanyu Mountain，In addition, there are some architectural relics，Ruya Nirvana Temple and the north side of the ancient Dao Mountain Gate of Mogao Grottoes、Rites on both sides of the Chengcheng Bay River。

　　Types and functions.According to the nature and function of the tower，The Tower can be divided into Sari Tower、Wayer Tower、Secret Tower、Funeral Tower、Five categories of the Studios Tower。The first category is Star Tower，Located in Chengcheng Bay，It is a Tower (Dahua Tower)，Tower brake consists of 7 layers of lotus petals，Overall is a large lotus -like。A Tianxi Tower Tower, which was unearthed in the tower and has a title of Mo Shu,。This tower is clearly clear，Three years for Tianxi (1019)，Is the year，Cao's Gui Ji Jiu Jiu made Cao Xianshun being blocked by Liao Book as the King of Dunhuang County。The murals in the tower are similar to the mural style of the murals in the Dunhuang Grottoes，So，This tower can be used as a benchmark cave (tower) for the backbone caves of the returnees in the late period of the Returne.。

The second category is the worship tower，It is mainly built above the cliff surface of Mogao Grottoes，Form vertical tower with the lower cave、Forms of the Cave combination，Mainly 143、161、234、Tower (Hall) above the cave。There are statues in this type of tower、murals，The same nature as the cave，Have worship、Rites，For believers worship、Zen View or Ceremony and other activities。Some build at the same time as the cave，integrate with the cave，The two are closely related in the content and religious sense、complement each other。

Buildings combined with these tower caves，Fresh throughout the entire cliff surface or local cliff surface，Divide the main node of the area as a lamp，It is from the Dunhuang big family、Monk leader or status、Construction of influential people，Main monks、Jiejie Mo Su, etc.。Mogao Grottoes above the top 143 tower，built by the monks of the monks in the Five Dynasties; Tower above the top 161 of Mogao Grottoes，and Cave 161、Dunhuang Guijun Jiedushi Mochon Zhang Chao Merit Cave (Cave 156) formed a vertical tower、Cave architecture，Constructed by Zhang Yichao; the tower above the 234 Cave 234 of the Mogao Grottoes is the "Fahua Tower" in the Dunhuang literature "Laba Burning Lantern Allocation Cave"，with the 234 below it、237 Cave is located on a central axis，Constructed in the Middle Tang Dynasty; Mogao Grottoes No. 17、365、366 and the "Fahua Tower of Fahua" above it were built by Wu Seng，Time Cross the Tang Dynasty and the Late Tang。The combination of these tower caves is except South、Beyond the portrait，Important iconic buildings on the cliff surface of Mogao Grottoes，Important iconic buildings on the cliff surface of Mogao Grottoes，It is "Rock Mountain is a tower，The performance of the layer platform to make the sky "。

The third category is the Secret Tower，Get up alone，The nature of the bet365 Play online games Tantra Teachers Altar。This type of tower rises after Song，Disclosure with the cliff surface，Built on Gobi, built on the cliff surface，Ru Nirvana Temple and two Songs on the east bank of the Dangquan River、Tower in the Xixia period。Nirvana Temple was built in the late Cao Yanlu of Cao's return to the Royal Army，After 996 AD and after，The lower limit is before Cao Yanlu was forced to commit himself。The murals in the tower are mainly based on the Chinese translation of "Buddha Speaking Yoga Education King" in the first year of Fa Xian to the first year of Dao (995)。Mogao Grotto No. 16、No. 17 Tower is Song、The tower -shaped square tower built in Xixia，Internal Divine Gods and other gods，This type of tower is closely related to the Tanjiao altar。From the perspective of the times，This kind of tower era is late，Mainly after the Song and Song Dynasty。

The fourth type is funeral tower，Mainly distributed in Mogao Grottoes、On the platforms on both sides of the dangquan river and Sanyu Mountain。There are more towers，There are 29 seats in existing existing，Most built in Xixia、Yuan Dynasty，There are also Qing Dynasty、The Tower of the Republic of China (including Wang Yuanzhang Taoist Tower)，Among them, the inner tower of the cave，related to Xixia and the built towers in the niche later，It is also related to the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism。History of Mogao Grottoes Buddhism，Monk Monk，The number of monk towers should not be a few，Some tower ground parts no longer exist。On the Gobi Beach on the east bank of the Dangquan River，There is a large area of ​​white gray skin，It should be the remains left after the collapse of the tower。The east bank of the Dangquan River is the place where the "Tarin" of Mogao Grottoes。

The fifth type is the studio tower，There is only one place，Tower 12 of Mogao Grottoes。There is a statue in the tower a statue and vague mural，The statue and murals are rebuilt by future generations，This tower also has the nature of bet365 best casino games worship and monk studio。

　Tower and grottoes are an indiscriminate whole.From the status of the existing tower in Mogao Grottoes and the surrounding surroundings，There are four main periods for the centralized tower: one is medium、Late Tang Dynasty，At this time, the tower is mainly an octagonal tower and a four -square tower，Rugao Cave No. 143、161、Tower above the cave，This type of tower is closely related to the cave，It reflects the belief of Buddhist pure land and the thought of the past。The second is the late period of Cao's return to the righteous army，This stage has Nirvana Temple at Mogao Grottoes、Tower No. 17，Laojun Hall has a Cheri Tower、Conical Top Tower，Chengcheng Bay is big、Xiaohuata。The construction of Nirvana Temple and the Westward Westward Searching for the Northern Song Dynasty at that time to obtain the rush and the Vatican，Therefore, ZTE's translation is related。The construction of other towers has been affected by the surrounding ethnic minority Buddhist culture and art，The influence of such as back and Liao。Three is Xixia、yuan period，Mainly 12、16、Tower No. 17 and many Xixia、Yuan Dynasty Monk Tower，​​It is greatly affected by Tibetan Buddhism。Fourth is the Qing Dynasty、Tower of the Republic of China，The tower shape is mainly treasure bottle type。

Tower is an important part of the large -scale Buddhist settlement site，If you think of Mogao Grottoes as a whole，Tower tower interspersed，Its location reflects the structural layout and religious interpretation of the grotto temple。As a large Buddhist site group，The construction of the Mogao Grottoes and the surrounding tower follows the architectural principles in the Buddhist precepts，and "Pagoda，When Sangha Lan，Pre -pre -pre -pre -pre -made tower，The tower must not be south、Not in West，Should be in East、It should be consistent in North "，Monk Tower built on the east and north。East refers to the east bank of the bet365 Play online games dangquan river，is Talinn; north to north district，There is a ritual Buddha cave in the North District，There are also caves and monks live in the cave。This is also in line with the terrain conditions of Mogao Grottoes。Dangquan River divides Mogao Grottoes into two，Hedong Bank is Gobi，Block due to the river，It is speculated that the main road of the East Coast did not enter the Mogao Grottoes。Hetani on the bank of Hexi，There is a cave，There is also a platform in front of the cave，Suitable for planting trees、Jianjian Temple，This is the main area of ​​Buddhism。On the north side of the south area of ​​the cliff surface is the mountain gate in and out of Mogao Grottoes，Building the heavenly king hall here，Keep defense、Protect Mogao Grottoes，At the same time here is located in the "cave head" position，The relationship with Yu Yan is closely。Overall layout，Mogao Grottoes and its surrounding Tower are centered on Mogao Grottoes Cave Cave，Conflicted by terrain and orientation，Ru Tian Wangtang built at the entrance of the mountain gate，Build a tower on the cliff surface to form a set of towers with the lower cave、Building complex of the cave combination，The east bank of the Dangquan River is Tarin，Chengchengwan Jianchalita takes its youth，Laojun Tang Jianci's Tower takes its high。

Tower and Grottoes are an indiscriminate overall，It is of great significance in Buddhist sites。First，Tower of different shapes，Reflected the development of the pagoda、Changes and the spread of Buddhism in Dunhuang。Next，The rich mural content in the tower is the continuation of the cave content and another form of expression，Highlights in the following three aspects: First，Related content involved in the real historical issues of the Dunhuang Zhang family and the Cao Return Army，It can make up for the shortcomings of historical records; second，Since it is located in the northwest，There was Tubo in history、Back、Xixia and other ethnic bet365 Play online games minorities have ruled Dunhuang，At the same time，Cao's returning army also adopted a marriage policy with the surrounding ethnic minorities，The content of some towers directly expresses the artistic style of the nation at that time，This plays a positive role in casting the consciousness of the Chinese nation community; third，Dunhuang is located on the ancient road of the Silk Road，The content of the murals in the tower，It also reflects the factors of Chinese and Western cultural exchanges。Last，Interpret the layout and religious significance from a macro perspective，It plays an important role in comprehensively interpreting the layout and function of the site of the grotto site。

　(This article is the State Social Science Foundation General Project "Dunhuang Buddhist Supply and Nourishing Study" (20BZJ016) phased achievement)

(Author is a researcher at the Dunhuang Research Institute)