bet365 bonus code indiana, Sanskrit, Pali，Transliterated as Zhi Jian Po、窣DuPo、Xu Doupo and others，Shortly translated as Tapo、Doubo、Buddha, etc.，Translated as Gao Xianchu、Gathering of merits、Tomb、Graves、Pagodas, temples, etc.，It means "top" or "pile of earth"。The bet365 bonus code indiana is made of earth、Sand、Wood、Stone、Brick、Buildings made of metal and other materials，Mainly for worshiping and placing Buddha relics、Fazang、Remains of eminent monks and other objects，There are also pagodas built to commemorate the holy relics of the Buddha’s life。Buddha’s Era，There is a way to build a bet365 bonus code indiana，The Buddha once built the Kasyapa Pagoda by himself。According to Xuanzang's "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty"，There are two elders who heard the teachings of Buddhism，Please send me a message、Claw Offering，Common greeting ceremony。Buddha spread the floor with Buddha’s clothes，The bowl is covered with it，Tin staff standing on the bowl，Suggesting how to build a bet365 bonus code indiana。"The Tathagata folds the cloth with the Sangha square"，Ciyu Doromon，Cimeng Queqi，Fuxingbo，Standing tin stick，This is the order，For the blocking wave。"The Buddha's robe is underneath to symbolize the base of the bet365 bonus code indiana，Buddha bowl symbolizes the body of the pagoda，The tin staff symbolizes Tasha。The bet365 bonus code indiana is a bowl-shaped bet365 bonus code indiana，It is the original pagoda shape from the time of Buddha。

　　An important part of bet365 bonus code indiana Buddhist relics.Dunhuang is located at the throat of the Silk Road，The rise of Buddhism，Famous for making caves and statues，But building a bet365 bonus code indiana is not inferior。Dunhuang had a saying of "Little Buddha in the Han Dynasty"。Xuanquan Han Slips record: "With less wine, less music"，Disciple Tan Tang invites you again。The 23rd day of the meeting，Enter the seven west gates in Xiaofutu。"Buddhism became more prosperous during the Northern Wei Dynasty，"Book of Wei·Shi Laozhi" records: "Dunhuang is connected to the Western Regions，The relationship between Taoism and customs，It belongs to the old village dock，Many pagodas and temples。”In the history of Buddhist pagoda building，Far-reaching influence、Two significant pagoda constructions - the pagoda built by King Ashoka and the pagoda built by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty in the first year of Renshou，Dunhuang is among them。Asoka built the pagoda in Shazhou City "Zhou Shazhou City Mahayana Temple Pagoda"，Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty built the pagoda at Chongjiao Temple "Guazhou Chongjiao Temple built the pagoda"，Chongjiao Temple is located in Mogao Grottoes。As a large Buddhist site community that lasts for thousands of years，Cave digging、Building a temple、Continuously building towers，The pagoda is an important part of the architecture of Mogao Grottoes and surrounding Buddhist ruins。

There are more than 40 earthen pagodas in Mogao Grottoes and surrounding areas，Mostly made of adobe，There are 6 cliff tops，Including a Buddhist temple (above Cave 130)，One earthen pagoda ruins (above Cave 234)，There are 19 towers on both sides of the Danquan River in front of the cave，10 earthen towers in the cave，Chengchengwan bet365 bonus code indiana 2，8 towers in Laojuntang and other places in Sanwei Mountain，There are also some architectural remains，In front of the Nirvana Temple on the cliff and on the north side of the mountain gate of the ancient Mogao Grottoes、Relics on both sides of Chengchengwan River, etc.。

　　Diverse types and functions.According to the nature and function of the bet365 bonus code indiana，Earth pagodas can be divided into stupas、Worship bet365 bonus code indiana、Tantre bet365 bonus code indiana、Funeral bet365 bonus code indiana、Shadow bet365 bonus code indiana Five Categories。The first type is the stupa，Located in Chengcheng Bay，It is a Hua Pagoda (Dahua Pagoda)，The Tasha is composed of 7 layers of lotus petals，The whole is shaped like a big lotus。A Tianxi pottery pagoda containing relics and inscriptions in calligraphy was unearthed inside the pagoda。The construction time of this bet365 bonus code indiana is clear，For the third year of Tianxi (1019)，This is the year，Cao Xianshun, the governor of the Cao family's Guiyi Army, was canonized by the Liao Dynasty as the Duke of Dunhuang。The murals in the bet365 bonus code indiana are similar in style to the murals with Uighur donors in the Dunhuang Grottoes，Therefore，This bet365 bonus code indiana can be used as the standard cave (bet365 bonus code indiana) for the late Uighur caves of the Guiyi Army。

The second category is the worship bet365 bonus code indiana，Mainly built on the cliff face of Mogao Grottoes，Form a vertical bet365 bonus code indiana with the lower cave、Form of cave combination，Mainly No. 143、161、234、The bet365 bonus code indiana (hall) above Cave 130。This type of bet365 bonus code indiana has statues inside it、Mural，Same nature as cave，With worship、Repentance function，Available for believers to worship、Meditating or performing activities such as repentance。Some were built at the same time as the caves，Become one with the cave，The two are closely related in content and religious significance、Complement each other。

Architectural combinations of these towers and caves，Through the entire cliff face or part of the cliff face，As the main node for dividing the area when lighting the lamp，It is from the Dunhuang family、The leader of the monk community may have status、Built by influential people，Mainly monks、Jiedushi and others。The bet365 bonus code indiana above Cave 143 of Mogao Grottoes，Built by Wang Sengtong, who was the monk during the Five Dynasties period；The bet365 bonus code indiana above Cave 161 of Mogao Grottoes，With Cave 161、Zhang Yichao Gongde Cave (Cave 156), the governor of Dunhuang Guiyi Army, forms a vertical bet365 bonus code indiana、Cave Architecture，Built by Zhang Yichao；The bet365 bonus code indiana above Cave 234 of Mogao Grottoes is the "Fahua Pagoda" in the Dunhuang document "Laba Lantern Distribution of the Number of Cave Niches"，With the 234th below、Cave 237 is located on a central axis，Built in the mid-Tang Dynasty；Mogao Grottoes No. 17、365、366 and the "Fahua Immortal Pagoda" above it were built by Wu Sengtong，The time spans the mid-Tang Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty。These pagoda and cave combinations are except South、Outside the Peking University Statue，Important landmark buildings on the cliff face of Mogao Grottoes，It is also a relatively distinctive bet365 bonus code indiana shape，It is precisely "the rock mountain is the bet365 bonus code indiana，The expression of "building a platform to create the sky"。

The third category is the Tantric bet365 bonus code indiana，Rising the bet365 bonus code indiana alone，Has the properties of a tantric mandala。This type of bet365 bonus code indiana emerged after the Song Dynasty，Disconnected from the cliff，Built on the Gobi desert some distance away from the cliff，Such as the Nirvana Temple and the two Song Dynasty temples located on the east bank of the Danquan River、bet365 bonus code indiana from the Western Xia Period。Nirvana Temple was built during the reign of Cao Yanlu during the late period of Cao's Guiyi Army，Around 996 AD and after，The lower limit is before Cao Yanlu was forced to commit suicide in 1002。The murals in the pagoda are mainly drawn based on the Chinese version of the "Buddha Speaks of Yoga Sutra" that was newly translated by Faxian in the first year of Zhidao (995)。Mogao Grottoes No. 16、bet365 bonus code indiana No. 17 is from the Song Dynasty、The tent-shaped square bet365 bonus code indiana built in the Western Xia Dynasty，Inside are pictures of five Buddhas and other gods of Tantric Buddhism，This type of bet365 bonus code indiana is closely related to the tantric mandala。In terms of times，This type of bet365 bonus code indiana is of later date，Mainly in the Song Dynasty and after the Song Dynasty。

The fourth category is the funeral bet365 bonus code indiana，Mainly distributed in Mogao Grottoes、On the platforms on both sides of the Dangquan River and in Sanwei Mountain。There are many towers of this type，There are 29 buildings in total，Most of them were built in Xixia、Yuan Dynasty，There is also the Qing Dynasty、Towers from the Republic of China period (including Wang Yuanlu Taoist bet365 bonus code indiana)，The bet365 bonus code indiana inside the cave，Related to the practice of building towers inside niches that was popular in Xixia and later periods，Also related to the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism。The prosperity of Buddhism in Mogao Grottoes in history，Eminent monks emerge in large numbers，The number of monk pagodas should be at least a few，The ground part of some towers no longer exists。On the Gobi Desert on the east bank of the Dangquan River，There is a large area of ​​white gray skin，Should be the remains left after the bet365 bonus code indiana collapsed。The east bank of the Dangquan River is the location of the "Talin" of the Mogao Grottoes。

The fifth category is Shadow Hall bet365 bonus code indiana，Only one remaining，bet365 bonus code indiana No. 12 of Mogao Grottoes。There is a statue and vague murals in the bet365 bonus code indiana，The statues and murals were renovated by later generations，This bet365 bonus code indiana has the characteristics of both worship and eminent monks’ shadow hall。

　The bet365 bonus code indiana and the grotto are an inseparable whole.Judging from the condition of existing towers in Mogao Grottoes and surrounding areas，There are four main periods of centralized bet365 bonus code indiana construction: one is the middle period、Late Tang Dynasty，The towers at this time were mainly octagonal towers and square towers，Like Mogao Grottoes Chapter 143、161、bet365 bonus code indiana above Cave 234，This type of bet365 bonus code indiana is closely related to caves，Reflects the Buddhist Pure Land belief and the thought of rebirth。The second is the late period of Cao’s return to the Yijun，There is Nirvana Temple in Mogao Grottoes at this stage、bet365 bonus code indiana No. 17，There is Cishi Pagoda in Laojun Hall、Small bet365 bonus code indiana with conical top，There is a big city in Chengcheng Bay、Xiaohua bet365 bonus code indiana。The construction of Nirvana Temple and the craze of traveling westward to seek Dharma in order to obtain relics and Buddhist scriptures started in the Northern Song Dynasty，And therefore related to ZTE’s Bible translation business。The construction of other pagodas was somewhat influenced by the Buddhist culture and art of surrounding ethnic minorities，Such as the influence of Uighurs and Liao。The third is Xixia、Yuan period，Mainly Mogao Grottoes No. 12、16、bet365 bonus code indiana No. 17 and numerous Xixia、Yuan Dynasty Monk Pagoda，Greatly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism。The fourth is the Qing Dynasty、bet365 bonus code indiana from the Republic of China，The bet365 bonus code indiana shape is mainly Aquarius style。

The pagoda is an important part of the large Buddhist settlement site，If we look at the Mogao Grottoes as a whole，Earth towers interspersed，The location reflects the structural layout and religious interpretation of the cave temple。As a large Buddhist site group，The construction of Mogao Grottoes and surrounding towers follows the architectural principles in Buddhist precepts，Those who have trouble with the bet365 bonus code indiana，When Sangha Blue starts，Pre-plan the location for the bet365 bonus code indiana，The bet365 bonus code indiana must not be in the south、Not in the West，should be in the east、Should match "North"，Monk pagodas are built on the east and north sides。The east refers to the east bank of Dangquan River，for Tallinn；North refers to North District，North District Youli Buddha Cave，There are also caves and caves where monks live。This is also consistent with the terrain conditions of Mogao Grottoes。Dangquan River divides Mogao Grottoes into two，The east bank of the river is the Gobi Desert，Blocked by river，It is speculated that the east bank did not have the main entrance to the Mogao Grottoes in ancient times。There is a cliff face on the west bank of the river，There is a cave，There is a platform in front of the cave，Suitable for planting trees、Build a temple，This is the main Buddhist activity area。On the north side of the southern area of ​​the cliff is the mountain gate leading to and from the Mogao Grottoes，Build the Tianwang Hall here，can be guarded、Protect Mogao Grottoes，At the same time, this place is located at the "head of the cave"，Close relationship with Khotan。In terms of overall layout，Mogao Grottoes and its surrounding earthen pagodas are centered on the cliff face cave of Mogao Grottoes，Built based on terrain and orientation，Rutianwang Hall is built at the entrance of the mountain gate，Build a bet365 bonus code indiana on the cliff to form a group of towers with the cave below、The building complex of the cave combination，The east bank of Dangquan River is Tallinn，Build a stupa in Chengcheng Bay to take advantage of its tranquility，When Laojuntang builds Cishi Pagoda, whichever is higher will be chosen。

The bet365 bonus code indiana and the grotto are an inseparable whole，Significant among Buddhist sites。First，Towers of different shapes，Reflects the development of the pagoda、Changes and the spread of Buddhism in Dunhuang。Secondly，The rich mural content in the bet365 bonus code indiana is a continuation and another form of expression of the cave content，Outstanding performance in the following three aspects: First，The relevant content involves the real historical issues during the period when the Zhang family returned to the Yijun and the Cao family returned to the Yijun in Dunhuang，Can make up for the shortcomings in historical records；Second，Because it is located in the northwest，There was Tubo in history、Uighur、Xixia and other ethnic minorities once ruled Dunhuang，At the same time，During the period of Cao’s Guiyi Army, they also adopted a marriage policy with neighboring ethnic minority regimes，The contents of some towers directly express the artistic style of the nation at that time，This plays a positive role in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation；Third，Dunhuang is located on the ancient Silk Road，Contents of murals in the bet365 bonus code indiana，Also reflects the factors of cultural exchange between China and the West。Last，Interpretation of the layout and religious significance of the cave temple from a macro perspective，It plays an important role in comprehensively interpreting the layout and functions of the grotto sites。

　(This article is a phased result bet365 bonus code indiana National Social Science Fund general project "Research on Dunhuang Buddhist Offering Tools" (20BZJ016))

(The author is a research librarian at the bet365 bonus code indiana Academy)