As one of the founders of the Italian Communist Party，Antonio Gramsci (Antonio Gramsci) not only actively participate in the workers' movement，And a famous Marxist theorist。He studied Lenin's experience，Based on Lenin's point of view, the "translation" and "translation" concepts。The author will introduce the proposal of the concepts of "translation" and "translation" here、Features、Development, etc.，Try to explain the association between the two concepts and the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics。

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November 1922，Lenin made a report entitled "Five -Year and World Revolution" in the Fourth Congress of the Communist International Congress。Lenin proposed，At the Third Congress of the Communist International，A resolution on the organizational structure and work methods and content of the Communist Party of China。The resolution is well written，But it is almost all Russian flavor，That is to say，It is completely written according to Russian conditions。This is its good side，It is also its bad side。It is bad，Because almost no foreigners can read it。First，This resolution is too long。2，Even after reading，No foreigners can understand，Because Russia tastes too heavy。This is not because it is written in Russian -it has been well translated into various texts -but because it is immersed in Russian smell。third，Even as an exception，There is a foreigner who can understand，He cannot execute。

"Translation" and "Translation" was originally a linguistic concept，Grandis extend it to the "mutual translation" of theoretical and practical "mutual translation"，Here。

Grandi thinks，Under the conditions at the time，Through translation of Marxist theoretical literature and research results for the people，Maximum transmission of Marxism，Can transform it from a few people's understanding and theory into an ideology，That is the public’s action standards。If millions of people believe in Marxism and communism，and take action with it，So Marxism and communism not only exist in thinking、Concept、Emotional，Reform the world in practice。So，From this perspective，The language is transformed into action、Political and historical reality，That is the theory transformation into practice。

In the early 1920s，The Russian October Revolution has a huge impact on European society，Socialist power is developed。Grandis proposed，Lenin's experience in Russia fully proves from the perspective of reality and politics，The theory and practice can be transformed from each other。Lenin transforms Marx's theory into a new reality，That is a real socialist country。October Revolution Certificate Translation、The Russian version that spread Marx's works not only has the meaning of linguistics，and has political and historical significance。transform Marx's theory from language level to a new socialist country，It also proves that politics is a necessary condition for promoting theory to become real historical reality。

The starting point of this transformation process is translation in the sense of language，But far more than this。"Translation" and "Language" proposed by Grandisi first contain their own linguistic narrow concepts，But more accurately, what he refers to is its more broad concept，Therefore, he often adds quotation marks to these two words in the article。Take Marxism "translation" bet365 best casino games to different countries as examples，I will understand that the "translation" he said is a very complicated process，Composed of a series of different levels and types of interpretation of each other，Among them, the text is obviously needed as a carrier，But the meaning is not limited to the meaning of the text itself。In short，This "translation" translates language and practice into content that helps to produce actual political effects。China's situation is even more like this。In China，Translation activities often have the purpose of supporting the Chinese revolution，Even translation of a love novel，can also change the feelings and thinking methods of millions of people，and finally guide people’s behavior in a clear way。

The first step of the "translation" process proposed by Grandisi，Need to translate the classic Marxist literature from the source language to a target language from the perspective of linguistics，Take China as an example that is translated into Chinese，In order to convey it to more Chinese people，It also needs to be further transformed into dialects in various places。On the surface，This is just a language translation，But if you consider the specific society、History and political influence，You can see that this is not a simple language translation，Instead, translate Marx's philosophical language into the ideological language of the Chinese public，This language can be transformed into specific practice。

The translation of the language level will only change the way of thinking of those who identify with the content of their expression，instead of becoming more extensive to society and cultural reality、Deeper influence。Only language elements are not enough to achieve changes in social and historical reality，It also needs political elements and political activities。To achieve this，The actual needs of the masses must be "translated" at the same time，That is to re -"translate" Marx's thoughts according to the actual needs of the people in the target language and national cultural conditions。Final，The original philosophical theory has become the thinking and action standards accepted by millions of people under interpretation and dissemination，People start living in a new way，The transformation of society is realized，The result of this translation process is the original theoretical equivalent of Marx's original theory。This can be seen，Marx's theoretical language has political attributes，Because it has developed into a specific historical reality、Political System、Cultural system。This is the specific process of transformation from theoretical to practice，Vice vice versa; the entire complex process consists of multiple levels and types of translation，Not only reflects mutual criticism between practice and theory，also with geographical space、Changes in culture and time constantly adjust。

Through the above demonstration, we can see，Language translation and ideological translation is closely intertwined，Therefore, language translation has at least duality，That is linguistic and political。When choosing a vocabulary and expression, you need to consider the history and social situation of the target country，The meaning of the content translation needs to be associated with the worldview and ideology。For example，The meaning of "country" in Russian after 1917 is certainly inconsistent with the meaning of "country" in French at that time，The reason is that language is closely linked with history and life。Russia after the October Revolution，Original vocabulary、The system of terms and expression methods has been replaced by the system that has Bet365 lotto review been expressed in the new worldview，So，If you want to correctly understand and translate the concept of "country" in Russian at that time，You need to study deeper content。

Translator When translating foreign books，always converts from theoretical and practical conversion as a premise，Therefore, its work is not only a language，At the same time, it is also political，Because this work is also a part of changing people's thinking and emotional process based on a specific world view。

Generally speaking，In the narrow sense、The translation of the language level must be further realized by translating the theoretical language into a practical language，But this process requires a series of translations at different levels，To make the content from the source language adapt to the language of specific nations and classes and the history of the new environment、Culture and other conditions。So，The entire translation process is the continuous conversion of language -theoretical and practical -politics。Here，"Translation" is a wider concept，It is both a language translation，It is also the translation of theory and practice。

　　Creative conversion is the basic principle

The concept of "translation" itself integrates the concept of "transformation" and "creation"。If there is no "conversion" and "creation"，History and cultural elements created in specific space -time cannot be successfully transferred to another space/time background。

Grandisie explains the translation process with the following metaphors: the same beam of light through different prisms will produce different refractive effects，To get the same refraction effect，A series of adjustments must be made for each prism。He emphasized，"Patience" and "System" are the basic methodology principles，Can't "copy"。

Grandi thinks，Marxism can exist in time、Implement in space，It is inseparable from the construction of socialism and communism，It is also related to the innovation of Marxist ideological innovation in different circumstances。He thinks，Different types and levels of theoretical and practical translation processes，It is also the process of creating creative transformation and absorption of existing practical and theoretical elements。Taking the Russian socialist revolution led by Lenin as an example，Grandi thinks，Lenin "translates" Marxist theory into a "new economic policy" in combination with the actual situation of Russia.。

Take the magazine that transmits Marxism in Italy as an example，Grandi emphasized，Journal editors need to train their own foreign partners，Not only do they have to understand the translation of the word，Also understand the foreign language related to published works or published articles、Culture、World View，I understand how to translate the content in one culture to another culture。His repeated reiteration，When converting theory into practice, a specific practical basis must be considered，To recognize the differences in practical conditions。From Grandis's view，The effectiveness of theory depends on the translation，It is necessary to explain and spread in the language rooted in specific cultural history。

For China，Marxist theory is not a dogma but a guide for action，Must develop with the development of practice，It must be Chinese to take root、Timeization can penetrate people's hearts。Make a concept without creative adjustment、Theory or standard，No innovation based on Chinese culture，Instead, it is impossible to transplant it in the original or purely transplanted to China。"Translation" means determining the handling and conversion of the element，Move cultural elements from one kind bet365 Play online games of civilization to another civilization，Creative conversion must be performed to achieve。These conversions occur in human culture、Language Field，So the concept of "translation" from linguistics describe them more appropriate，But not at this。​​Understand from a broader perspective，Translation is essentially converting the given elements into the original cultural equivalent in different cultural environments，The "culture" here includes language，also includes practice。This conversion is not spontaneous，but a scholar who needs a certain level of education、Intellectuals have the courage to take responsibility，As an intermediary between theory and practice and different cultures。

　　"Translation" from theoretical to practice

When translating activities，Need to check the true meaning of the words translated very carefully，This is a key step，At the same time, I need to introduce policy、Consider the actual situation when viewing or theory，Including a deeper historical and political premise，This involves the conversion between theory and practice。

In the discussion of socialism with Chinese characteristics，"Translation", a theoretical and practical element that has certain practical significance, does not seem to exist，or at least not explicitly appeared。but but，This is not strange，Because "translation" and "translation" did not start to get attention until recent。With the research on socialism with Chinese characteristics, gradually deepen，Researchers may find that socialism with Chinese characteristics is also related to the concept of "translation"，This concept is more subtle and immature in Lenin's research，It is more clear and mature in Gralan's research。

The question I raised here is，Current，Marxism with China National Love、"Adaptation"、"Integration" or "Combination"，What is the relationship between the "translation" defined by Lenin and Gelanxi。The reason why I raised this question today after a century，It is because of my opinion，"Chinese characteristics" This statement reminds people of Chinese nation、Society、Culture、Language and other special conditions，and China’s creativity。

Each social model is a combination of practice and theory，It means the conversion between practice and theory。Based on the theory and practice of the Soviet Union，Marxist theory produces a specific socialist model after translation，that is the Soviet mode。The Sinicization of Marxism has produced China's own experience，Not limited to the "translation" of the Soviet model and interpretation of Marxism，Instead, it represents a new "translation" attempt，Leading China to gain new Marxist experience，and promoted the development of other aspects of Marxist theory，Therefore, a new explanation of Marxism in theory and practice。This is because of，"Translation" of every theory to practice，All can be regarded as the true and specific critical interpretation of the given theory; vice versa，Each practice to the "translation" of the given theory，All can be regarded as the demonstration and empowerment of specific practice from the perspective of theory and critical。

The interesting thing is，Some theorists and practitioners in China correctly pointed out the essential connotation of Marxism of socialism with Chinese characteristics，Socialism with Chinese characteristics has embarked on its own exclusive、New Road，At the same time, some key elements of historical materialist founders and other countries' past socialist construction historical experience，Development and sublimation of it again，Reserved suitable and important things based on China's national conditions。

Based on the results of related theoretical Bet365 lotto review research，What needs to be added is，The "translation" of Marxism is also one of the key elements。Because it means creativity，It also means the ability of transmitting theory and practical elements through space (synchronization) and time (asynchronous)。So，China's socialist practice not only shows its ability to retain Marxism's actual spirit，and echo the requirements of Marx and Lenin and Grandisi，Do not mechanically copy the same theoretical solution，Instead, adjust it according to different situations、Reconstruction and development of them。

Dested，The uniqueness of China's socialist model is reflected in it, it is not or the replica of the Soviet mode，The same，It can not be copied by other developing countries。The uniqueness of China's socialist model is fundamentally important，At the same time, it can be reflected in many discussions。So，Leaving aside the classical socialism and the country that has decided to abandon Marxism.，The differences between various socialism in modern times can be explained in this way: When Marxist theory or socialist model encounters different practices、Culture、Nation and structural conditions，will generate different development，There are different specific characteristics。Say more detailed，The distinction between Mao Zedong's socialism and more developed socialism as an example。First，We can see，He is strictly summarized according to the special national conditions of different social historical development stages of China; second，Adaptation to socialism with Chinese national conditions、Road fusion，Not a smooth sailing。This means，Marx、Lenin、Stalin's thoughts and experience adapt to Chinese national conditions、Phase fusion、Combination，It has never been realized for its spontaneous implementation，That is long -term learning，That is long -term learning、Research、Experience、Experiment。

Here，Emphasize a point，In the works related to socialism with Chinese characteristics，Marxism and specific nation described by the author、Cultural and other conditions (more accurately is the theoretical and practical) "adaptation", "combination" and "fusion" process，Maybe they can find the corresponding in the concept of "translation" and "translation" proposed by Grald。In fact，About Marxism or a certain socialist model in different places、Different times、"Adaptation" or "integration" in different ethnic groups and different cultures，Although it failed to unfold，But it has been associated with the "translation" problem。Lenin and Grandis have linked it with the special issues of socialist construction in Russia and Italy，The result of "translation" will inevitably produce original new elements，This once again indicates that the translation cannot be a copy of some mode。Original nature depends on creativity，or depending on human (practice and theory) creativity。China's unprecedented new experience on the road of socialism、The new achievement is the same，China creatively combines the basic principles of Marxism with the actual reality of China，If other countries want to learn from China's model and experience，then through the "translation" process。

Take the socialist market economy as an example，This does not exist in Marxism and socialist theories and practice around the world.，It appeared in China，It means realizing theoretical innovation，and this theoretical innovation has a new feature with Chinese cultural origin and creativity。This example can also be linked with Grandi's "translation" concept or dark。From Grandis's view，Creativity is an important feature of Marxism and the concept Bet365 lotto review of "translation"，The universal nature of Marxism can only be consistent with a specific social history and history，Only when people continue to translate Marxism into new practices based on a variety of specific historical or cultural conditions，Only to achieve this universal，Vice vice versa。

The Communist Party of China has always emphasized the importance of the basic principle of Marxism with the actual actual situation of China，It is also increasingly emphasizing the importance of theoretical innovation，This also means the special application of the imagination related to specific Chinese creation。

June 2, 2023，General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the symposium on the development of cultural inheritance and delivered an important speech。He emphasized，"Chinese culture is far away，Chinese civilization is extensive and profound。Only a comprehensive and in -depth understanding of the history of Chinese civilization，can we more effectively promote the creative conversion of excellent Chinese traditional culture、Innovative development，More strongly to promote the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics，Construction of modern civilization of the Chinese nation "。"Cultural self -confidence comes from our cultural subjectivity。The main nature of this is established by the Chinese Communist Party to lead the Chinese people on the land of China; it is creative conversion、Innovative development of Chinese excellent traditional culture，Inheritance revolutionary culture，Based on the development of advanced socialist culture，Based on the basis of absorbing all the excellent civilization results of humans; it is based on the specific actual principles of Marxism with China、Combined with Chinese excellent traditional culture。”

　"Translation" and Marxism spread

Grandi attaches importance to、Following the problem of the spread of Marxism，​​Especially the spread of socialist innovation and Marxism in the West。In his opinion，The structure of Eastern society seems to be obviously different from Western society。

Grandis also connects the transformation between Marxism and theory and practice, as well as the non -linear and non -symmetrical progress of civilization。He said，Lenin has proposed Marxism and Practice -the spread of theoretical innovation in Russia、Construction of socialism worldwide and the issue of organizing the Communist and Communist movement in other countries，and connect these problems with the translation of Marxism in different languages ​​and cultural backgrounds。

Grandi and Lenin's views are consistent，It is also believed that the progress of civilization benefits from the cooperation of all ethnic groups，Thanks to the different contributions of different ethnic groups in practice and theory。Grandi believes that Marxism itself is the political science of France (Jacobin) in the late 17th century and early 18th century.、Born in the translation of German classical philosophy and British political economics。At the same time，The historical process of European bourgeois society and cultural construction is also composed of mutual translations between different "languages" (that is, worldview and culture)。

If we analyze the relationship between the relationship between the socialist theory and the logic contained in the development of Chinese history，I will find it，Related practice has a corresponding theoretical interpretation in the concept of "translation" and "translation" in Grandisi。Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a dialectical unity of the theoretical logic of scientific socialism and the historical logic of Chinese social development，It is rooted in the Chinese bet365 live casino games land and Chinese culture fertile soil，Reflected the wishes of the Chinese people，Requirements to the development and progress of China and the times。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized，Open and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics on the basis of the deep Chinese civilization，The basic principle of Marxism is specific with China、Combining with Chinese excellent traditional culture is the road to the way。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "In the most critical moment in modern China，Chinese Communists have found Marx Leninism，and insist on combining Marx Leninism with the actual situation of China，The power of the Chinese nation with the power of Marxist truth has activated the great civilization created by the Chinese nation for thousands of years，Make the Chinese civilization once again exudes a strong spiritual force。"" The vitality of theory lies in innovation。Marxism has profoundly changed China，China also greatly enriches Marxism。"" Our party's history，It is a history that constantly advances the Sinicization of Marxism，It is a constant promotion theoretical innovation、History of theoretical creation。”

The concept of "translation" is explained by this "combination"。Grandi from Marx、Engels further concluded in the comparison of France and Germany in "The Holy Family"，Although there are language differences，But two basic social structures have upper -level buildings that can be converted to each other，But due to different language and culture，It is necessary to "translate" in theory and practice，in order to achieve deeper levels of the same sex。The possibility of transformation between the two has very important philosophical and political significance for Marxism，Being Marxist theoretical argument from the perspective of the same sex。At the same time，It is also an important theoretical weapon for the modern community to fight against the "hegemony" struggle。

Therefore，We can draw conclusions，Translation can become a necessary criterion for mediation two cultures or two worldviews，It can mediate a variety of changing appearances of reality，and prevent all kinds of "metaphysics" rigid thinking。It can be said to be today，It was initially proposed by Lenin、The theory developed by Grandisi，help better understand the development process of socialist society，It also helps better build a socialist society。Grandisi's "translation" and "translation" concept may become one of the theoretical foundations of socialist construction，In this direction，There are many studies to be carried out further。

　(Author is an associate professor of Marxist College of Nankai University)