As one of the founders of the Italian Communist Party，Antonio Gramsci was not only active in the labor movement，And he is a famous Marxist theorist。He studied Lenin’s experience，And developed and perfected the concepts of "bet365 horse racing odds" and "translatability" based on Lenin's ideas。Here the author will introduce the concepts of “bet365 horse racing odds” and “translatability”、Features、Development, etc.，And try to explain the connection between these two concepts and the theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics。

　　“bet365 horse racing odds” is a broader concept

November 1922，Lenin gave a report entitled "Five Years of the Russian Revolution and the Prospect of the World Revolution" at the Fourth Congress of the Communist International。Proposed by Lenin，At the Third Congress of the Communist International，Adopted a resolution on the organizational structure of the communist parties in various countries and their working methods and content。The resolution is well written，But bet365 horse racing odds’s almost entirely Russian，In other words，Written entirely based on Russian conditions。This is the good side of bet365 horse racing odds，bet365 horse racing odds’s also the bad side。That’s why bet365 horse racing odds’s bad，Because almost no foreigners can read bet365 horse racing odds to the end。First，This resolution is too long。Second，Even after reading，No foreigner can understand bet365 horse racing odds，Because the Russian flavor is too strong。Not because bet365 horse racing odds is written in Russian - bet365 horse racing odds has been translated brilliantly into various languages ​​- but because bet365 horse racing odds is imbued with Russian flavor。Third，Even as an exception，There is someone who foreigners can understand，He cannot execute bet365 horse racing odds either。

"Translation" and "translatability" were originally linguistic concepts，Grasci extended bet365 horse racing odds to the "mutual translation" of theory and practice，“Translatability” here refers to the theoretical standard that defines the possibility of translation between theory and practice。

Gramsci believes，Under the conditions at the time，By translating Marxist theoretical documents and research results for the people，Spread Marxism to the maximum extent，Be able to transform bet365 horse racing odds from ideas and theories understood by a few people into an ideology，That is, the public’s code of conduct。If millions of people believe in Marxism and Communism，And act accordingly，Then Marxism and Communism do not only exist in thinking、Conception、In emotion，Still changing the world in practice。Therefore，From this perspective，Words transformed into actions、Political and historical reality，That is, transforming theory into practice。

Early 1920s，The Russian October Revolution had a huge impact on European society，Socialist forces develop。Proposed by Gramsci，Lenin’s experience in Russia has fully proved bet365 horse racing odds from a practical and political perspective，Theory and practice can be transformed into each other。Lenin transformed Marx’s theory into a new reality，That is, a true socialist country。October Revolution Proof Translation、The dissemination of Russian versions of Marx’s works has more than just linguistic significance，Also of political and historical significance。Translate Marx’s theory from the language level into the new socialist country，bet365 horse racing odds also proves that politics is a necessary condition for promoting theory to become a real historical reality。

The starting point of this transformation process is translation in the linguistic sense，But bet365 horse racing odds’s much more than that。The "translation" and "language" proposed by Gramsci first include their own narrow linguistic concepts，But more accurately he is referring to its broader concept，So he often puts these two words in quotation marks in his articles。Take “translating” Marxism to different countries as an example，You will understand that what he means by "translation" is a very complicated process，Consists of a series of intertwined translations of different levels and types，Obviously text must be used as the carrier，But the meaning is far more than the meaning of the words themselves。In short，This “translation” transforms language and practice into content that helps produce practical political effects。This is even more true in China。In China，Translation activities often have the purpose of supporting the Chinese revolution，Even translating a romance novel，Can also change the way millions of people feel and think，And ultimately guide people's behavior in a clear way based on its content。

The first step in the “translation” process proposed by Gramsci，Need to translate Marxist classics from the source language to the target language from a linguistic perspective，Take China as an example, that is translated into Chinese，In order to spread bet365 horse racing odds to more Chinese people，Needs further translation into local dialects。On the surface，This is just a language translation，But if we consider the specific society、Historical and political influence，You can see that this is not a simple language translation，But translate Marx’s philosophical language into the ideological language of the Chinese public，Only this kind of language can be transformed into concrete practice。

Translation at the linguistic level will only change the way of thinking of those who agree with its content，without having wider consequences for social and cultural realities、Deeper influence。Language elements alone are not enough to achieve changes in social and historical reality，Also requires political elements and political activities。In order to achieve this，Must "translate" the actual needs of the masses at the same time，That is, re-translating Marx’s thoughts according to the actual needs and national cultural conditions of the people in the target language country。Finally，The original philosophical theory has become a code of thought and action accepted by millions of people through interpretation and dissemination，People start to live in a new way，The transformation of society is thus realized，The result of this translation process is the practical equivalent of Marx’s original theory。bet365 horse racing odds can be seen from this，Marx’s theoretical language has political attributes，Because bet365 horse racing odds has developed into a concrete historical reality、Political System、Cultural system。This is the specific process of transforming theory into practice，Vice versa；The entire complex process consists of multiple levels and types of translation，bet365 horse racing odds embodies the mutual criticism between practice and theory，Also with geographical space、Continuous adjustment due to changes in culture and time。

From the above argument we can see，Language bet365 horse racing odds and ideological bet365 horse racing odds are closely intertwined，So language bet365 horse racing odds is at least dual in nature，That is, linguistic and political。You need to consider the history and social conditions of the target country when choosing words and expressions，The meaning of the translated content needs to be related to the worldview and ideology。For example，The meaning of "country" in Russian after 1917 is certainly inconsistent with the meaning of "country" in French at that time，The reason is that language is closely linked to history and life。Russia after the October Revolution，Original vocabulary、The system of terms and expressions has been replaced by a system that expresses a new worldview，Therefore，If you want to correctly understand and translate the concept of "country" in Russian at that time，You need to study deeper content。

Translator when translating foreign books，There will always be a transition between bet365 horse racing odds and practice，The work is therefore not only linguistic，Also political，Because this work is also part of the process of changing people's thinking and emotions according to a particular worldview。

Generally speaking，In a narrow sense、Translation at the linguistic level must be further achieved by translating theoretical language into practical language，But this process requires a series of different levels of translation，To adapt content from the source language to the language of a particular people and class and the history of the new environment、Culture and other conditions。Therefore，The entire translation process is a continuous transformation of language-theory and practice-politics。Here，“Translation” is a broader concept，bet365 horse racing odds is both a linguistic translation，Also a translation of theory and practice。

　　Creative transformation is bet365 horse racing odds principle

The concept of “bet365 horse racing odds” itself combines the concepts of “transformation” and “creation”。If there is no "transformation" and "creation"，Historical and cultural elements created in a specific time and space cannot be successfully transferred to another space/time context。

Gramsci explained the process of bet365 horse racing odds with the following metaphor: the same beam of light passing through different prisms will produce different refraction effects，To obtain the same refraction effect，A series of adjustments must be made to each prism。He emphasized，“Patience” and “system” are basic methodological principles，Cannot be copied “mechanically”。

Gramsci believes，Marxism can exist in time、implemented in space，Inseparable from the construction of socialism and communism，Also related to the innovation of Marxist thought under different circumstances。He thinks，Different types and levels of theoretical and practical translation processes，bet365 horse racing odds is also a process of creative transformation and absorption of existing practical and theoretical elements。Take the Russian socialist revolution led by Lenin as an example，Gramsci believes，Lenin "translated" Marxist theory into the "New Economic Policy" based on the actual situation in Russia。

Take the magazines spreading Marxism in Italy as an example，Gramsci emphasizes，Journal editors need to cultivate their own foreign collaborators，They not only have to understand the target language，Also understand the foreign language relevant to the work to be published or the article to be published、Culture、World view，Understand how to translate content from one culture into another。He reiterated bet365 horse racing odds many times，Concrete practical basis must be considered when converting theory into practice，Recognize the differences in practical conditions。In Gramsci’s view，The validity of a theory depends on its translatability，That is, to explain and spread using language rooted in specific cultural history。

　For China，Marxist theory is not a dogma but a guide to action，Must evolve with practice，Must be Chinese to take root、Only by adapting to the times can bet365 horse racing odds be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people。Copying a concept without making creative adjustments、Theory or standard，Do not innovate based on Chinese culture，But transplanting bet365 horse racing odds intact or purely to China will not work。"Translate" means to determine the movement and transformation of elements，Moving cultural elements from one civilization to another，Creative transformation is necessary to achieve。These transformations occur in human culture、Language field，So bet365 horse racing odds seems more appropriate to use the concept of "translation" from linguistics to describe them，But bet365 horse racing odds doesn’t stop there。Understanding from a broader perspective，Translation is essentially the conversion of given elements into the cultural equivalent of the original work in a different cultural environment，“Culture” here includes both language，Also includes practice。This transformation is not spontaneous，But bet365 horse racing odds requires scholars with a certain level of education、Intellectuals have the courage to take responsibility，Act as an intermediary between theory and practice and between different cultures。

　　“bet365 horse racing odds” from theory to practice

During bet365 horse racing odds activities，The true meaning of the translated words needs to be checked with great caution，This is a critical step，At the same time, we also need to introduce policies、Consider the actual situation when making opinions or theories，Includes deeper historical and political premises，This involves the conversion between theory and practice。

In the discussion about socialism with Chinese characteristics，“Translation”, a theoretical and practical element with certain practical significance, does not seem to exist，Or at least not explicitly。However，This is not surprising，Because "translation" and "translatability" have only recently begun to receive attention (mainly limited to the field of Gramscian studies)。As the research on socialism with Chinese characteristics gradually deepens，Researchers may find that socialism with Chinese characteristics is also related to the concept of "translation"，This concept is more implicit and immature in Lenin's research，bet365 horse racing odds is more clear and mature in Gramsci’s research。

The question I raise here is，current，Marxism and China’s national conditions、The “adaptation” of Chinese culture、"integration" or "combination"，How does bet365 horse racing odds relate to “translation” as defined by Lenin and Gramsci。The reason why I raise this question today a century later，Because in my opinion，The expression "Chinese characteristics" reminds people of the Chinese nation、Society、Culture、Special conditions such as language，There is also China’s creativity。

Every social model is a combination of practice and theory，means the transition between practice and theory。Based on the Soviet Union’s own theory and practice，Marxist theory has been translated to produce a specific socialist model，Soviet model。The Sinicization of Marxism produces China’s own experience，Not limited to the “translation” of the Soviet model and the interpretation of Marxism，bet365 horse racing odds represents a new "translation" attempt，Leading China to gain new Marxist experience，And promoted the development of other aspects of Marxist theory，Thus producing a new interpretation of Marxism in theory and practice。This is because，Every "translation" of theory into practice，Both can be considered as genuine and concrete critical interpretations of a given theory；Vice versa，The “translation” of every practice into a given theory，Both can be seen as justifying and empowering specific practices from a theoretical and critical perspective。

What’s interesting，Some Chinese theorists and practitioners have correctly pointed out the essential Marxist connotation of socialism with Chinese characteristics，Socialism with Chinese characteristics has embarked on its own original path in development、A brand new road，At the same time, bet365 horse racing odds also retains some key elements from the founders of historical materialism and the previous historical experience of socialist construction in other countries，Developed and sublimated bet365 horse racing odds，Retaining appropriate and important things based on China’s national conditions。

Based on relevant theoretical research results，What needs to be added is，The "translation" of Marxism is also one of the key elements。Because bet365 horse racing odds means creativity，Also means the ability to transmit theoretical and practical elements through space (synchronous) and time (asynchronous)。Therefore，China’s socialist practice not only demonstrates its ability to retain the practical spirit of Marxism，And echoes the demands of Marx, Lenin and Gramsci，That is, do not mechanically copy the same theoretical scheme，But bet365 horse racing odds should be adjusted according to different situations、Transform and develop them。

In fact，The uniqueness of China’s socialist model is reflected in the fact that bet365 horse racing odds is not and cannot be a replica of the Soviet model，Same，bet365 horse racing odds cannot be mechanically copied by other developing countries。The uniqueness of China’s socialist model is of fundamental importance，bet365 horse racing odds can also be reflected in many discussions。Therefore，Leave aside classical socialism and countries that have decided to abandon Marxism，The differences between various socialisms in modern times can be explained this way: when Marxist theory or socialist model encounters different practices、Culture、Ethnic and structural conditions，Different developments will occur，Thus different specific characteristics appear。In more detail，Take Mao Zedong’s distinction between underdeveloped socialism and relatively developed socialism as an example。First，We can see，He made theoretical generalizations strictly based on the special national conditions of China’s different social and historical development stages；Secondly，Socialism is compatible with China’s national conditions、The road of integration，bet365 horse racing odds’s not all smooth sailing。This means，Will Marx、Lenin、Stalin’s thoughts and experiences are adapted to China’s national conditions、fusion、Combined，Never realized spontaneously，But after many steps，That is, years and months of study、Research、Experience、Experiment。

Here，To emphasize something，In works on socialism with Chinese characteristics，Marxism and specific nations described by the author、The process of "adaptation", "combination" and "fusion" between culture and other conditions (more precisely, theory and practice)，Perhaps they can all be found in the concepts of "translation" and "translatability" proposed by Gramsci。In fact，About Marxism or a certain socialist model in various places、Different eras、The problem of "adaptation" or "integration" among different ethnic groups and different cultures，Although not fully developed，But already associated with "Translation" issue。Lenin and Gramsci have linked bet365 horse racing odds to the specific problems of socialist construction in Russia and Italy respectively，The result of "translation" will inevitably produce new elements of originality，This once again shows that translation cannot be a copy of a pattern。Originality depends on creativity，Or bet365 horse racing odds depends on people’s (practical and theoretical) creativity。China’s unprecedented new experience on the road to socialism、The same is true for new results，China creatively combines the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality，If other countries want to learn from China’s model and experience，You must go through the "translation" process。

Taking the socialist market economy as an example，This is something that did not exist in the theories and practices of Marxism and socialism around the world in the past，Appeared in China，bet365 horse racing odds means achieving theoretical innovation，And this theoretical innovation has the new characteristics of Chinese cultural origins and creativity。This example can also be linked, explicitly or implicitly, to Gramsci’s concept of “translation”。In Gramsci’s view，Creativity is an important feature of Marxism and the concept of "translation"，The universality of Marxism can only be consistent with a specific social and historical universality，Only when people continue to translate Marxism into new practices according to various specific historical or cultural conditions，In order to achieve this universality，Vice versa。

The Communist Party of China has always emphasized the importance of combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality，There is also increasing emphasis on the importance of theoretical innovation，This also means a special use of imagination related to a specific bet365 horse racing odds creation。

June 2, 2023，General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the symposium on cultural inheritance and development and delivered an important speech。He emphasized，“Chinese culture has a long history，Chinese civilization is broad and profound。Only by fully and deeply understanding the history of Chinese civilization，In order to more effectively promote the creative transformation of China’s excellent traditional culture、Innovative development，More effectively promote the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics，Building the modern civilization of the Chinese nation"。“Cultural confidence comes from our cultural subjectivity。This subjectivity was established on the land of China under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party；bet365 horse racing odds is creative transformation、Innovative development of China’s excellent traditional culture，Inherit revolutionary culture，On the basis of developing advanced socialist culture，Established on the basis of absorbing all the outstanding achievements of human civilization；bet365 horse racing odds is by combining the basic principles of Marxism with the specific reality of China、Established in combination with the excellent traditional Chinese culture。”

　"Translatability" and the spread of bet365 horse racing odds

Gramsci pays attention、Focus on the spread of bet365 horse racing odds，Especially the Soviet Union’s socialist innovation and the spread of bet365 horse racing odds in the West。In his opinion，The structure of Eastern society seems to be significantly different from Western society。

Gramsci also linked the spread of Marxism to the transition between bet365 horse racing odds and practice and to the non-linear and asymmetric progress of civilization。He said，Lenin raised the issue of the spread of Marxism and its practice-theoretical innovation in Russia、Problems of building socialism in the world and organizing communist parties and communist movements in other countries，And relate these issues to the question of the translatability of Marxism in different linguistic and cultural contexts。

Gramsci and Lenin share the same views，Also believes that the progress of civilization benefits from the cooperation of all nations，Thanks to the different contributions of different ethnic groups in practice and theory。Gramsci believed that Marxism itself was the political science of France (Jacobins) in the late 17th and early 18th centuries through Marx、Born from the bet365 horse racing odds of German classical philosophy and British political economy。At the same time，The historical process of European bourgeois society and cultural construction is also composed of mutual bet365 horse racing odds between different "languages" (i.e. worldview and culture)。

If we analyze the discussion about the relationship between socialist theory and the logic contained in China’s historical development，You will find out，Relevant practices have corresponding theoretical explanations in Gramsci’s concepts of “translation” and “translatability”。Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the dialectical unity of the theoretical logic of scientific socialism and the historical logic of Chinese social development，bet365 horse racing odds is rooted in the land of China and the fertile soil of Chinese culture，Reflects the will of the Chinese people，Adapt to the requirements of China and the development and progress of the times。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized，Open up and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics based on the profound foundation of Chinese civilization for more than 5,000 years，Combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality、Integrating with China’s excellent traditional culture is the only way。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “At the most critical moment in modern China，Chinese Communists have found Marxism-Leninism，And insist on integrating Marxism-Leninism with China’s reality，Use the power of Marxist truth to activate the great civilization created by the Chinese nation over thousands of years，Let Chinese civilization once again burst out with powerful spiritual power。”“The vitality of theory lies in innovation。Marxism has profoundly changed China，China has also greatly enriched Marxism。”“History of our Party，bet365 horse racing odds is a history that continuously promotes the Sinicization of Marxism，bet365 horse racing odds is a work that continuously promotes theoretical innovation、The history of theoretical creation。”

　bet365 horse racing odds is this "combination" that the concept of "translatability" discusses。Gramsci from Marx、Engels drew further conclusions from his comparison of France and Germany in "The Holy Family"，Despite language differences，But two basically similar social structures have interchangeable superstructures，However, due to differences in language and culture，bet365 horse racing odds is necessary to "translate" in theory and practice，In order to achieve a deeper identity。This possibility of transformation between the two has very important philosophical and political significance for Marxism，Be able to make theoretical arguments on Marxism from the perspective of identity。At the same time，bet365 horse racing odds is also an important theoretical weapon for the masses in modern society to fight against "hegemony"。

Therefore，We can draw conclusions，Translation can become the necessary criterion to reconcile two cultures or two worldviews，bet365 horse racing odds can critically mediate the multiple changing facets of reality，And prevent all kinds of "metaphysical" rigid thinking。bet365 horse racing odds can be said that today，Initially proposed by Lenin、Theory developed by Gramsci，Helps to better understand the development process of socialist society，bet365 horse racing odds also helps to better build a socialist society。Gramsci’s concepts of “translation” and “translatability” may become one of the theoretical foundations of socialist construction，In this direction，There is still a lot of research to be done。

　(The author is an associate professor at the School of bet365 horse racing odds, Nankai University)